AP Euro Ch 18 The Promise of the Enlightenment 1749-1789

What did the writers of the Enlightenment call themselves? A. Penses B. Philosophes C. Bibliophiles D. Incroyables

What was the opinion of Enlightenment writers on the role of religion in society? A. They believed that religion was the key to social and political reform and within its teaching could be found the tenets of reason B. They disdained the practices of hierarchical churches such as the Roman Catholic church and the Church of England but supported the tenets of Protestantism C. They did not necessarily oppose organized religion, but they strenuously objected to religious intolerance. D. They disdained all forms of religion and religious belief, arguing that religiosity caused superstition, bigotry, and mass stupidity.

How did the Encyclopedia contribute to Enlightenment goals of social reform? A. It promoted the spread of knowledge that could be used to make informed decisions about social problems. B. The proceeds from its sales funded charitable schools set up jointly by Diderot and Voltaire C. It provided systematic plans for social reform that could be used by anyone who was able to read D. It proved that a state-run system of education could turn out scholars capable of contributing to sophisticated intellectual projects like the Encyclopedia.

In 1784, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant used which of the following phrases to represent what he felt the Enlightenment stood for? A. Sapere aude (\"Dare to know\") B. Ex nihilo nihil fit (Nothing comes from nothing) C. Ratio est radius divini huminis (Reason is a ray of divine light) D. Libertos in legibus (Liberty in the laws)

What role did eighteenth-century Parisian salons play in the spread of Enlightenment ideas? A. They allowed university professors to connect with the masses and share their philosophies and ideas for reform B. They encouraged church leaders to become involved in the movement by introducing them to philosophers and members of the aristocracy C. They forced men to accept women in positions of power and intellectual life and spurred a lively feminist movement D. They gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-controlled universities by providing a forum for philosophes to discuss ideas.

In his 1755 book The Natural History of Religion, the Scottish philosopher David Hume made what argument about religion? A. That there was a god who was caring and concerned with humanity B. That religion was useful for promoting science C. That belief in God was rooted in fear and superstition. D. That churches needed to recognize the importance of more emotional forms of worship

Which of the following refers to eighteenth-century believers who believed in God but gave him no active role in earthly affairs? A. Pietists B. Jansenists C. Atheists D. Deists

What main critique of organized Christianity did Voltaire include in his influential Philosophical Dictionary (1764)? A. That Christianity had been the prime source of fanaticism and brutality among humans. B. That Protestants and Catholics were intolerant toward Jews and blacks C. That leaders of Protestant and Catholic churches had too much influence over European governments D. The priests and pastors had too much influence over women and were inhibiting the spread of Enlightenment ideas.

Why do many historians and philosophers consider the Enlightenment to be the origin of modernity? A. It represented the first time that philosophy and natural science were taken seriously as pursuits of true intellectual value B. It was the first time that governments began to take the work of humanistic scholars seriously and apply philosophy to social and political reform C. It demonstrated that political and religious leaders could not ignore or simply repress the intellectual and social movements around them. D. It advanced the secularization of European society and the idea that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should govern social and political life.

The Scottish philosopher Adam Smith made what contention about individual self-interest? A. That it contributed ultimately to the general welfare of society B. That it had to be kept in check by the strong arm of a powerful, centralized government C. That is served as the source of all earthly woes, which only true Christian piety, as defined by the church, could alleviate D. That is could be transformed into compassion and concern for the general welfare through the exercise of human reason

Adam Smith's concept of laissez-faire argued that... A. in order to maximize the effect of market forces and the division of labor, the economy should be free of government intervention and control. B. since humans are naturally self-interested and greedy, the government must regulate the economy to counteract this self-interest C. the general welfare of society was best served if governments closely controlled international trade and currency markets. D. the best way to increase a nation's wealth was through direct investment in manufacturing and heavy industry.

How did Jean-Jacque Rousseau first become well-known? A. He wrote a prize-winning essay about the corruption of public morality. B. He prevailed in a public debate against Voltaire C. he wrote The Philosophical Dictionary D. He was arrested by the state for criticizing the king

Of all the various positions espoused by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), why is his theory of the primacy of \"the general will\" the most difficult to comprehend and apply to society? A. Rousseau argued that only an educated, upper-class elite was in a position to determine the desires of general will B. Rousseau's theory advocated a radical form of democracy in which all public policy was determined by plebiscitary, rather than representative, majority decisions C. Rousseau's theory was very specific in defining who was left out of the \"general will\", namely women, nonwhite peoples, and those who did not own property D. Rousseau's theory advocated the subordination of individual conscience to the good of the community at large without providing any legal protections for individual rights.

Why did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theory of \"the social contract\" pose a direct threat to the perceived legitimacy of eighteenth-century governments? A. It flatly rejected all governments based on divine right B. It presented a system in which the ruler was chosen on the basis of merit rather than tradition or lineage. C. It offered a form of social-scientific analysis that governments found unnerving. D. It implied that people would be most free and moral in republican or democratic societies. It argued that individuals in a community entered into a contract with one another, not with their ruler.

Why did the Enlightenment flourish in France? A. Paris was a geographically convenient point on the continent for European intellectuals to gather. B. French was a common language for aristocrats, artists, scientists, and intellectuals in eighteenth-century Europe, so France became the epicenter of the movement C. The political atmosphere in France was ripe, as the French monarchy alternated between encouraging ideas for reform and harshly censuring criticisms. D. France was a more secular country than most others in Europe, so French society was more tolerant of Enlightenment ideas.

Immanuel Kant, the most influential Herman thinker of the Enlightenment, established the doctrine of idealism, which was based on... A. instinct, an attribute with which, Kant argued, all human beings were endowed B. divine revelation, because reason could not provide answers to the ultimate questions of existence C. ideas of sensations and a theory of mental processes later referred to as associationism. D. the belief that true understanding can only come from examining the ways in which ideas are formed in the mind.

What new artistic movement developed in the eighteenth century in reaction to what some saw as the Enlightenment's excessive reliance on the authority of human reason? A. Neorealism B. Romanticism C. Rococo D. Impressionism

Why did Masonic lodges continue to multiply throughout the eighteenth century, despite the condemnation of Freemasonry by the papacy in 1738? A. Because they were explicitly political and anticlerical, lodges were a breeding ground for a growing movement against organized religion. B. They offered a kind of secular religion and a way of declaring one's interest in the Enlightenment and reform. C. The elaborate rituals of Masonic lodges allowed the middle classes to feel like they were members of a privileged, aristocratic club D. When Freemasonry expanded to allow women to participate, the lodges became a locus of the growing eighteenth-century feminist movement.

The artistic and architectural style known as neoclassicism gained popularity in the eighteenth century thanks to what cultural phenomenon? A. The reemergence of the toga as a fashionable clothing style. B. A new emphasis in universities on the importance of classical education C. A restaging of the works of Homer at theaters in Paris, London, and Amsterdam D. The rise of \"grand tours,\" in which upper-class youths traveled to Greek and Roman ruins

How were the spread of Enlightenment ideals and the emergence of a more prosperous middle class in Europe reflected in music? A. In the founding of music academies and scholarships, which for the first time enabled the young sons of the middle classes to pursue musical careers. B. In the transition from commissioned works to larger professional orchestras playing more popular older music in concert halls. C. In the establishment of open-air concerts for paying audiences, which freed musicians from financial concerns and thus from dependency on royal patronage D. In a rejection of the baroque and all older styles of musical composition in favor of continuous innovation and experimentation

In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France officially acknowledged its defeat overseas, ceding which of its territories to Great Britain? A. by West Indian islands B. Canada C. Its territory in North Africa, including modern-day Algeria D. Eastern Louisiana

By the mid-eighteenth century Prussia had vastly increased the size and efficiency of its army, vaulting itself to great power status by... A. enlisting the entire population for two years of service B. requiring all citizens to own a firearm C. enrolling nearly all aristocrats in the army as officers D. forming national local militias that all men under forty served in

In 1772, the territory of Poland-Lithuania was divided among which three European states? A. France, Britain, and Prussia B. France, Prussia, and Austria C. Prussia, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire D. Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Which Enlightened absolutist, whose reforms and accomplishments included the abolition of torture and the support of religious toleration, boasted, \"I am the first servant of the state\"? A. Frederick the Great of Prussia (Frederick II of Prussia) B. Joseph II of Austria C. Catherine the Great of Russia D. Louis XVI of France

The Gordon riots devastated much of London in 1780 demonstrated the fact that... A. class issues still played a large role in ordinary people's lives B. Eighteenth-century governments, though aspiring to modern state management, were still far from their espoused goals C. Enlightenment ideas such as individual rights and equality before the law had finally taken hold of and emboldened working-class men and women. D. popular demonstrations did not always support reform or religious toleration.

Adam Smith contended that individual self-interest, including greed, A. was compatible with society's best interest (handout) and contributed ultimately to the general welfare or society at large (site) B. had to be kept in check by the string arm of a powerful, centralized government. C. served as the source of all earthly woes that only true Christians piety, as defined by the church, could alleviate D. could be transformed into compassion and concern for the general welfare throught the exercise of human reason E. was a social issue that grew larger with increasing prosperity as growing national wealth increased individual opportunities.

Of all the various positions espoused by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), his theory of the primacy of the \"general will\" is the most difficult to comprehend and apCAply to society because... A. It subordinates individual conscience to the \"will\" of a community without, some argue, adequately defining the will, thus failing to provide safeguard against tyranny. B. it advocates a radical form of democracy in which all public policy is determined by plebiscitary, rather than representative, majority decisions. C. it equates the \"general will\" with majority opinion, thus failing to provide safeguards for minority dissent. D. Rousseau argued that only an educated, upper-class elite was in a position to determine the wants of the general will. E. it is based on a social structure, unlike any in history or tradition, in which all hold equal status.

The common link between Princeton University, the Hasidim, and John Wesley is that they all A. played an important role in shaping Thomas Jefferson's political thinking. B. were persecuted by their respective governments for unorthodox thinking C. Flourished because of religious revivalism in the eighteenth century D. shared a bequest from the great Quaker philanthropist William Penn E. promoted principles of education passed solely on scientific understanding.

The social class that saw the largest increase in eighteenth-century France was the A. nobles of the robe B. Middle class C. peasants D. sans-culottes E. serfs

The spread of Enlightenment ideals and the emergence of a more prosperous middle class in Europe were also reflected in music with A. the founding of music academies and scholarships which for the first time enabled the young sons of the middle classes to pursue musical careers. B. The transition from complex polyphony to an emphasis on more popularly assessable melody. C. the establishment of open air concerts for paying audiences which freed musicians from financial concerns and thus from dependency on royal patronage. D. a rejection of baroque and all older styles of musical composition in favor of continuous innovation and experimentation E. a new genre of popular songs with catchy lyrics that were performed before large audiences in concert halls and available in sheet music to play at home.

In the war of the Austrian Succession, Empress Maria Theresa managed to hold on to her throne most of her territory by A. agreeing to Fredrick II's demand the Poland-Lithuania be divided between Austria, Russia, and Prussia B. forming an alliance with France against Prussia and her ally Great Britain C. arranging for the assassination of the opposing claimant, Francis I, who had declared the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 invalid, thereby resending the right of women to inherit the crown D. conceding Silesia to Prussia, thereby disrupting the Franco-Prussian alliance E. appealing to Empress Elizabeth of Russia, who sent troops to aid Austria

One result of the Seven Years' War was A. Prussia lost Silesia B. Britain gained Gibraltar C. France lost Canada D. Spain lost control of the slave trade. E. France lost its Caribbean islands.

To make tax increase more palatable the \"enlightened absolutists\" of Europe actively undertook to modernize government through A. increasing the equitability of taxes B. extending voting rights to all males above a designated age C. reforming their political systems so as to increase accessibility to more citizens D. expanding access to education and religious toleration E. administrative and legal reforms

. In 1774, Louis XVI restored the parliaments, which had been abolished by his despised predecessor, Louis XV, because he A. wished to uphold the Enlightenment principles of fair and impartial justice. B. shared the banished judges' desire to reform the tax system, making it both more equitable and more efficient. C. Succumbed to the demands of the aristocrats, who viewed the parliaments' dissolution as an attack on privilege. D. hoped to diffuse rising popular resentment of tax increases and food shortages by reinstating a traditional outlet for the expression of popular grievances. E. needed the courts of law to strengthen political control over church affairs.

The term food riot is somewhat misleading when applied to the late-eighteenth-century conflicts because. A. the word riot implies random destructiveness, but participants were trying to enforce a fair price for grain or ensure supplies of it to feed their families. B. food was only one of many commodities that were the focus of such unrest. C. official reports used this term to disguise the fact that these were really attempts to institute a more democratic political system based on universal suffrage. D. these disturbances were extremely small and limited in scope. E. the most significant protests took the form of migrations as families moved away from areas where food prices were high.

In response to a massive uprising of the long-oppressed serfs of Russia, Empress Catherine \"the Great\" (r. 1762-1796). A. increased the nobles' power over them. B. promulgated laws easing the legal restrictions that had prevented serfs from leaving family plots, earning independent livelihoods, and marrying without their feudal lords' permission C. declared war on Prussia as a way of diverting attention away from social problems at home. D. repealed the tax increases of the midcentury and shifted some of the tax burden to the heretofore tax-exempt nobility E. introduced the death penalty for rioting.

The Seven Years' War had a significant impact on American-British relations because A. the colonists resented the British government's decision to begin treating the native Americans as full citizens. B. the Americans had sided with the French during the war, and they resisted returning to allegiance to Britain in the 1760s. C. it dramatically expanded the borders of British America, and American colonist became angry when the British then encourage them to leave the east coast to become settlers in the wilderness of the Ohio River valley D. it removed the threat of French invasion from the north, which made the colonists less dependent on British naval might and thus more willing to act on their grievances E. colonist leaders realized they could unite to manage political affairs and equip armed forces without British assistance.