A&P Chapter 5 Homework – Flashcards
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Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?
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Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
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If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?
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lucidum
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An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________.
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phagocytic cell
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The hypodermis is composed of adipose and dense connective tissue.
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False
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Albinos commonly contract skin cancer. What seems to be the reason, and what can be done to reduce the risk of skin cancer?
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Albinos lack melanin and have thus lost their main defense against the damaging UV light that can cause skin cancer. They can cover all body areas and avoid bright sunlight.
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The dermis ________.
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haw two layers
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The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?
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macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells
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Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.
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False
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Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.
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True
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Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.
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diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
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Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
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accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
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Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?
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The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
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Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for regenerating the most superficial layers?
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stratum basale
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Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
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Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.
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In thick skin, you would expect the __________ to be more prominent than it is in thin skin.
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stratum lucidum
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Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?
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The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
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A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
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corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
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The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
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the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
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Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________.
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produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
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The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:
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dermal papillae
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Sweat is secreted by:
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sudoriferous glands.
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The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
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stratum basale
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The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
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fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
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The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
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the reticular layer
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The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
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They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
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Which skin pigment is made in the skin itself?
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melanin
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The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.
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True
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What is the role of the hair matrix?
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The hair matrix produces hair.
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What layer of the dermis is directly below the epidermis?
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papillary layer
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The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.
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True
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The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.
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True
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Which of the following is not a layer of the epidermis?
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Papillary layer
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Earwax is made by _________________
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ceruminous glands
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A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.
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True
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Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
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Meissner's corpuscle
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Which of the following does not protect the skin from bacteria?
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The temperature of the skin
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The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.
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external root sheath
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Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?
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The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine glands.
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The skin consists of three main regions. From deep to superficial they are the:
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hypodermis, dermis, epidermis
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Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?
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Meissner's corpuscles
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A cancerous growth on the skin will likely exhibit:
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asymmetry
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What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
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nutrition and hormones
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Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures.
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True
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The most common type of skin cancer is:
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basal cell carcinoma
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Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are?
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Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis.
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The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
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99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
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Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
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in the axillary and anogenital area
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Sebum does not:
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protect the skin from the damaging effects of UV radiation.
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The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax.
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ceruminous
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Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
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eccrine and apocrine
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Which skin appendages aid in cooling the skin when the body temperature or the external environmental temperature is high?
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eccrine sweat glands
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Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?
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arrector pili
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Sam is so cold that he has "goose bumps." What causes goose bumps?
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arrector pili muscles pulling hair follicles into an upright position
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Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle.
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True
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Why might soap that has an alkaline base not be healthy for some patients to use daily?
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The base will neutralize the acid on the skin that retards the growth of bacteria, and the removal of the normal microbiota of skin will leave the person exposed to opportunistic pathogens.
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In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
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It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
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When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.
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False
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We are told that every surface we touch is teeming with bacterial cells, and bacteria are found in the pools we swim in, the water we wash with, and on the hands of friends. Why are we not inundated with bacterial infections on our skin?
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All of these answers are correct.
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The temperature yesterday was an uncomfortable 98° F. You unwisely chose to play tennis at noon, counting on your body's internal defenses to protect you against heat exhaustion. How did your body respond to this distress?
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Blood vessels in the skin dilated; sweat was secreted onto the skin's surface and evaporated, cooling the body.
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Which of the following is a metabolic function of skin?
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synthesis of a vitamin D precursor
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The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.
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False
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What part of the dermis gives rise to friction ridges (fingerprints)?
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The papillary layer
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What layer(s) of the skin is (are) damaged in a second-degree burn?
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The epidermis and the superficial regions of the dermis are damaged.
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Melanin helps to protect skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
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True
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Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
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catastrophic fluid loss
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Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
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Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
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Mary... What is the ABCD rule, and should she ignore the spot if her answers are negative?
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A = asymmetry, B = border, C = color, D = diameter. It is imperative that Mary have a physician examine the spot immediately. Any unusual lesion on the skin of a sun worshipper should be examined.
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Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes. Melanoma is most common in Caucasians between 40 and 70 years of age. Why do Caucasians have a greater incidence of melanoma?
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Caucasians produce less melanin, resulting in less protection from the damaging effects of UV light. Dark brown or black skin does not guarantee against melanoma.
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When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third of the body.
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False
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The epidermis uses a modified form of cholesterol to produce a vitamin D precursor.
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True
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Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters?
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second-degree burn
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Robert, a surfer, has a mole that has changed its shape and size. His doctor, applying the ABCD(E) rule, diagnosed a melanoma. What do the letters ABCD(E) represent?
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A = asymmetry, B = border, C = color, D = diameter, E = elevation
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The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes.
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True
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Hair and nails are made primarily of calcium.
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False
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Our skin helps us to regulate our body temperature.
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True
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The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet light.
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True
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Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
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False
