question

are the building blocks for all living things

answer

cells

question

are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions

answer

cells

question

at higher levels (e.g tissues, organs, and body) reflects combined, coordinated action of many cells

answer

homeostasis

question

each cell acts __________________ in response to its environment to maintain homeostasis

answer

individually

question

Cells come in a variety of sizes and shapes. Some cells in the human body are over (__) feet long

answer

3

question

An average cell is only about (___) µm (0.1 mm) in diameter.

answer

100

question

(___)% of cells are not human cells in the body, they are mainly bacteria

answer

90

question

have half of the DNA that somatic cells have

answer

sex cells

question

largest cell in the body (can be seen with the naked eye)

answer

oocyte

question

tend to be rounded and spherical

answer

blood cells

question

tend to have a jagged shape

answer

bone cells

question

- Basic unit of life - Protection and support through production and secretion of various kinds of molecules - Movement. Various kinds occur because of specialized proteins produced in the cell - Communication. Cells produce and receive electrical and chemical signals - Cell metabolism and energy release - Inheritance. Each cell contains DNA. Some cells are specialized to gametes for exchange during sexual intercourse

answer

functions of the cell

question

the study of the structure and function of cells

answer

Cytology

question

is a phospholipid bilayer that also contains cholesterol, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates that is selectively permeable and determines what is inside/outside of the cell fatty acids point towards each other phosphoralated ends away from each other (cell membrane between the fatty acids)

answer

cell membrane

question

1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. 2. The activity of an organism depends on both the individual and combined activities of itself. 3. The biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shapes or forms, and by the relative number of the subcellular structures they contain. 4. Cells can only arise from other cells.

answer

cell theory

question

a cells __________ reflects its function

answer

shape

question

the outer boundary of the cell which acts as a selectively permeable barrier

answer

plasma membrane

question

the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, is the cite of most cellular activities

answer

cytoplasm

question

the metabolic machinery of the cell

answer

organelles

question

an organelle that controls cellular activities (near the center of the cell)

answer

nucleus

question

substances contributing to body mass that are found outside the cells

answer

extracellular materials

question

include interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid; are important transport and dissolving media

answer

body fluids (extracellular fluids)

question

include substances that aid in digestion and some act as lubricants

answer

cellular secretions

question

the most abundant extracellular material; mesh in the extracellular space called the "cell glue"

answer

extracellular matrix

question

separates 2 of the body's major fluid compartments - the intracellular fluid within cells and the extracellular fluid

answer

plasma membrane

question

This is constructed largely of phospholipids, with smaller amounts of glycolipids and cholesterol that forms the basic "fabric" of the plasma membrane

answer

lipid bilayer

question

having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water

answer

hydrophilic

question

tending to repel or fail to mix with water

answer

hydrophobic

question

lipids with attached sugar groups

answer

glycolipid

question

make up about half of the plasma membrane by mass and are responsible for most of the specialized membrane functions

answer

proteins

question

tightly attached to membrane (may span the whole cell membrane)

answer

integral proteins

question

transmembrane proteins are receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior, a process called ____________ ___________

answer

signal transduction

question

some transmembrane proteins are involved in transport, and cluster together to form _________, or pores

answer

channels

question

speed up chemical reaction

answer

enzymes

question

rarer, easily dissociate from membrane

answer

peripheral proteins

question

consists of glycoproteins and glycolipids that form a fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface

answer

glycocalax

question

because every cell type has different sugar patterns in the glycocalx, it provides highly __________ biological markers by which approaching cells recognize each other

answer

specific

question

in the glycocalyx act as an adhesive for cell binding

answer

glycoproteins

question

_______ _________ of the cell membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a tongue-and-groove fashion to create cell binding

answer

wavy contours

question

a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell

answer

tight junction

question

help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells (seals around the cells)

answer

tight junctions

question

serve as anchoring junctions - mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells to prevent their separation (like velcro)

answer

desmosomes

question

communicating junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass are particularly important for communication in heart cells and embryonic cells (cells connected by hollow cylinders called connexons)

answer

gap junctions

question

substances cross the membrane without any energy input from the cell

answer

passive process

question

the cell provides the metabolic energy (usually ATP) needed to move substances across the membrane

answer

active process

question

is the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area of higher concentration to an area where they are lower in concentration

answer

diffusion

question

the __________ the difference in concentration of diffusing molecules and ions in the process of diffusion, the faster these particles difuse

answer

greater

question

the driving force for diffusion

answer

kinetic energy

question

the _________ of diffusion is influenced by molecular size and by temperature (smaller-faster, warmer-faster)

answer

speed

question

the plasma membrane is ____________ __________, it allows some substances to pass while excluding others

answer

selectively permeable

question

the unassisted diffusion of lipid-soluble or very small particles

answer

simle diffusion

question

the transported substance either binds to protein carriers in the membrane and is ferried across or moves through water-filled protein channels

answer

facilitated diffusion

question

are transmembrane proteins that transport substances, usually ions or water, through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other

answer

channels

question

are always open and simply allow ions or water to move according the concentration gradients

answer

leakage channels

question

are controlled usually by chemical or electrical signals

answer

gated channels

question

the diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane

answer

osmosis

question

water-specific channels constructed by transmembrane proteins, which allow single file diffusion of water molecules

answer

aquaporins

question

occurs whenever the water concentration differs on the two sides of a membrane

answer

osmosis

question

the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

answer

osmolarity

question

is reached when the water concentration on both sides of the membrane are the same

answer

equilibrium

question

refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells' internal water volume

answer

tonicity

question

no net gain or loss of water (cell volume doesn't change)

answer

isotonic

question

net water flow out of cell (cell shrinks) crenation

answer

hypertonic

question

net gain of water into cell (cell swells) Hemolysis

answer

hypotonic

question

move solutes against a concentration gradient

answer

active transporters (solute pumps)

question

in primary transport, the energy to do work comes directly from hydrolysis of ________

answer

ATP

question

use potential energy to move something in/out of a cell (coupled systems; they move more than one substance at a time) ex. sling shot

answer

secondary active transport

question

the two transported substancess move in the same direction

answer

symport system

question

the transported substances cross the membrane in opposite directions

answer

antiport system

question

fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes inside bubble-like, membranous sacs called vessicles

answer

vesicular transport

question

moves substances into the cell

answer

endocytosis

question

moves substances out of the cell

answer

exocytosis

question

moving substances into, across, and then out of the cell

answer

transcytosis

question

moving substances from one area in the cell to another

answer

vesicular trafficking

question

the cell engulfs some relatively large or solid material, such as a clump of bacteria, cell debris, or inanimate particles and digests whatever it is

answer

phagocytosis

question

these cells help protect the body by ingesting and disposing of bacteria, other foreign substances, and dead tissue cells

answer

phagocytes

question

a bit of infolding plasma membrane surrounds a very small volume of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules

answer

pinocytosis

question

allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in small amounts in the extracellular fluid

answer

receptor-mediated endocytosis

question

the resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradient of ______________ and by the differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and other ions

answer

potassium

question

are found on almost every cell in the body and play key roles in embryonic development and wound repair and in immunity (bind with other cells)

answer

cell adhesion molecules

question

huge and diverse group of integral proteins and glycoproteins that serve as binding sites

answer

membrane receptors

question

cells come together and touch, is the means by which cells recognize one another

answer

contact signaling

question

chemicals that bind specifically to plasma membrane receptors

answer

ligands

question

is the viscous, semitransparent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended (just the fluid)

answer

cytosol

question

site of ATP synthesis, powerhouse of the cell (converts energy from food to ATP) REQUIRES OXYGEN

answer

mitochondria

question

the sites of protein synthesis

answer

ribosomes

question

ribosomes that make soluble proteins that function in the cytosol, as well as those imported into the mitochondria and other organelles (float freely in the cytosol)

answer

free ribosomes

question

are ribosomes that are attached to membranes, forming a complex called the rough endoplasmic reticulum they synthesize proteins destined either for incorporation into cell membranes or lysosomes, or for export from the cell

answer

membrane-bound ribosomes

question

Is externally studded with ribosomes. Sugar groups are attached to proteins within the cisterns. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the golgi apparatus and other sites. The external face synthesizes phospholipids.

answer

rough endoplasmic reticulum

question

site or lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

answer

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

question

packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane

answer

golgi apparatus

question

are spherical membranous organelles containing activated digestive enzymes (acidic)

answer

lysosomes

question

are projections formed by centrioles, but are substantially longer than cilia that propel the cell itself (only form is sperm in the human body)

answer

flagella

question

increase surface area of the cell for absorption

answer

microvilli

question

a double membrane barrier separated by a fluid filled space that separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus

answer

nuclear envelope

question

where the ribosomal subunits are assembled

answer

nucleoli

question

are composed of the protein actin, the smallest cytoskeleton element, form the terminal web, anchor integral proteins to the cytoskeleton, and interact with myosin to cause cell movement

answer

microfilaments

question

the period from cell formation to cell division

answer

interphase

question

act as a lubricant for cells

answer

carbohydrates

question

telling the world what the cell is

answer

recognition proteins

question

bind and transport ions and molecules across the membrane, including ATPases

answer

Carrier proteins

question

may be involved in cell recognition (immunity, cancer protection, and transplant compatibility), lubrication, protection, adhesion, and locomotion

answer

glycocalyx

question

Differences of concentrations of a substance is known as the ________ ________

answer

concentration gradient

question

continues until concentration gradient is eliminated

answer

net diffusion

question

force of water movement into a solution

answer

Osmotic pressure

question

is similar to osmotic pressure but is caused by large molecules such as proteins

answer

Oncotic pressure

question

pressure of water pushing on the membrane itself

answer

Hydrostatic pressure

question

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane? phospholipids water carbohydrates cholesterol

answer

phospholipids

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane? not permeable impermeable fully permeable semipermeable

answer

semipermeable

question

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane? forming the entire glycocalyx forming channels acting as receptors anchoring cells to other structures

answer

forming the entire glycocalyx

question

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?

answer

phosphate heads of phospholipids

question

Which of the following best explains diffusion? movement of molecules farther away from equilibrium movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration exchange of nonpolar molecules for polar molecules movement of molecules from where there are fewer of them to where there are more

answer

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

question

Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion? CO2 Na+ small lipids O2

answer

Na+

question

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane? In simple diffusion, molecules move down the concentration gradient but in facilitated diffusion molecules move up the concentration gradient. Simple diffusion requires molecules to move through special doorways in the cell membrane. Simple diffusion is passive but facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses energy. In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

answer

In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

question

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion? small molecule size small concentration gradient higher concentration of molecules high temperature

answer

small concentration gradient

question

Which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur? selectively permeable membrane cellular energy water concentration gradient

answer

cellular energy

question

Which of the following solutions contains the most solute? hypertonic hypotonic equilibrium isotonic

answer

hypertonic

question

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following? intracellular should be hypertonic to extracellular isotonic to each other intracellular and extracellular should both be hypertonic intracellular should be hypotonic to extracellular

answer

isotonic to each other

question

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells? The cells will swell. Extracellular fluids do not impact cell size, because cells contain intracellular fluid. The cells will rupture. The cells will lose water and shrink.

answer

The cells will lose water and shrink.

question

Active processes:

answer

Primary and Secondary active transport Endocytosis Exocytosis

question

Passive Processes:

answer

Simple Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

question

Which of the following is characteristic of cilia? They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. They move substances in many directions across a cell's surfaces. They are substantially longer than flagella, and are less common than flagella in humans. They are used for cellular adhesion.

answer

They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.

question

What is a membrane potential? cooperation between cells the possibility of cell activity a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane the ability of the cells to perform their specialized functions

answer

a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane

question

Drinking alcohol makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood? Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells. Hypertonic blood forces water into the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. Hypertonic blood will lose water to the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, causes water to move into the cell.

answer

Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.

question

Assume that Na+ is being transported across a membrane via facilitated diffusion. Which of the following conditions would allow for the most transport of Na+ across that membrane? a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward K+ a gradient of less than 5% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl− a gradient of less than 5% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward K+ a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl−

answer

a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl−

question

How do unsaturated phospholipid fatty acid tails affect plasma membrane fluidity? Less unsaturated fatty acids means less tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in less membrane fluidity. Less unsaturated fatty acids means more tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in greater membrane fluidity. More unsaturated fatty acids means less tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in greater membrane fluidity. More unsaturated fatty acids means more tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in less membrane fluidity.

answer

More unsaturated fatty acids means less tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in greater membrane fluidity.

question

Which of the following molecules might change over time in a cancer cell? membrane glycolipids membrane glycoproteins glycocalyx sugars all of the above

answer

all of the above

question

What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane? Active transport is used to move substances down their concentration gradient, whereas passive transport is used to move substances against their concentration gradient. Active transport implies that the cell is working with other cells, whereas passive transport implies that the cell does not cooperate with other cells. Active transport means that the cell is actively going after substances that it wants to bring into the cell, whereas passive transport means that the cell just waits for the substance to cross the membrane. Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

answer

Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

question

binding and transporting specific ions by integral proteins

answer

carrier mediated transport

question

Compounds to be transported bind to a receptor site on a carrier protein

answer

facilitated diffusion

question

rate of transport limited to number of available carrier proteins

answer

saturation

question

if a cell is moving against a concentration gradient _____ is required (active transport)

answer

energy

question

moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

answer

Ion pumps

question

high concentration of _____ outside of the cell

answer

sodium

question

much more concentrated inside the cell than outside of the cell and create potential difference (more negative on the inside of the cell than the outside)

answer

proteins

question

cells have a _______ potential inside compared to outside of the cell

answer

negative

question

loose 3 sodium ions and pick up 2 potassium ions

answer

sodium ion pump

question

solutes travel in the same direction

answer

symport

question

solutes travel in opposite directions

answer

antiport

question

receptor binds to a substance that triggers endocytosis

answer

receptor mediated endocytosis

question

provides strength and flexibility to the cell

answer

cytoskeleton

question

are tough, insoluble protein fibers that resemble woven ropes (strong)

answer

intermediate filaments

question

Are only present in muscle cells. They are large bundles of myosin and are involved with contraction.

answer

thick filaments

question

Are largest cytoskeletal elements in most cells and are made of tubulin and are the major component of centrioles and cilia Involved in transporting proteins and other molecules away from the center of the cell body. During cell division they make up the spindle apparatus

answer

microtubules

question

contains DNA, RNA, proteins (enzymes and structural proteins) contains everything within the nucleus (similar to cytoplasm)

answer

Nucleoplasm

question

the nucleus communicates with cytoplasm through ____ _____

answer

nuclear pores

question

a supportive nuclear matrix of the nucleus

answer

lamins

question

attachment site for the chromatids

answer

centromere

question

loose strands of DNA plus the proteins they interact with

answer

Chromatin

question

____ pairs of chromosomes

answer

23

question

what DNA is wrapped around

answer

histone

question

forms cisternae

answer

endoplasmic reticulum

question

Proteins formed in the RER are packed and sent to ______ ______ for further processing

answer

golgi apparatus

question

3 Types of Vesicles - Secretory vesicles for discharge by exocytosis - Membrane renewal vesicles - contain new membrane components - Packages lysosomes

answer

Golgi apparatus

question

receiving side of the golgi apparatus

answer

cis face

question

shipping side of the golgi apparatus

answer

transface

question

Responsible for autolysis of injured cells

answer

lysosomes

question

Carry enzymes that neutralize toxins, break down lipids

answer

Peroxisomes

question

Consists of several large proteins Remove and break down damaged or abnormal proteins

answer

Proteasomes

question

fluid contents of mitochondria

answer

matrix

question

folds in inner membrane of the mitochondria

answer

cristae

question

mitochondria has _____ used to make certain proteins

answer

DNA

question

only present in cells that are capable of dividing and they direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division

answer

centrioles

question

help organize they cytoskeleton

answer

centrioles

question

centrioles are made up of an array of ____ triplets of tubulin fibers

answer

9

question

Cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles is the _______. This is the area that makes microtubules.

answer

centrosome

question

Beats rhythmically to move fluids across cell surface. (respiratory tract, reproductive tract, embryo)

answer

cilia

question

move in the direction they want the fluid to move first (power stroke) leaving the cilia close to the plasma membrane to perform the recovery stroke - sneaks back up

answer

cilia

question

the cell's information storage system

answer

genetic code

question

contains all the triplets needed to code for a specific polypeptide

answer

gene

question

is a variation of a gene

answer

allele

question

is a change in the normal genetic code

answer

mutation

question

the language or words used in the DNA that the cell can use to build proteins (A,C,T,G - four letters possible, 64 possible combinations)

answer

triplet code

question

builds up big molecules from small molecules

answer

polymerase

question

is the formation of mRNA from DNA

answer

transcription

question

tell where to start RNA

answer

promotor regions

question

tell RNA when to stop

answer

stop code

question

each set of triplet codes

answer

codon

question

material inside the DNA and eventually gets cut out

answer

introns

question

where codons are found

answer

exons

question

1. have exons and introns 2. before they leave the nucleus, is going to have all of its introns removed 3. sometimes cells will also splice out one or more exons

answer

mRNA

question

sometimes cells will splice out one or more exons in addition to introns

answer

alternative splicing

question

mRNA is ________ to protein after binding to ribosomes

answer

translated

question

once a ribosome finds this start codon, it will carry on

answer

AUG

question

Sequence of _____ in the mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids

answer

codons

question

(anticodon) transfers amino acid to the ribosome and decodes mRNA

answer

tRNA

question

ribosomes are made up of

answer

RNA

question

DNA (gene) is transcribed to _____

answer

RNA

question

RNA is translated to _______

answer

protein

question

Protein can be further modified after translation in _______ _______ (posttranslational modification)

answer

golgi apparatus

question

______ is the nuclear and cytoplasmic division of somatic cells

answer

mitosis

question

_______ produces sex cells (reduction division)

answer

Meiosis

question

_______ is regulated cell suicide

answer

Apoptosis

question

most somatic cells spend the majority of their lives in this phase

answer

interphase

question

Stages of interphase

answer

G1 S G2

question

(Interphase) Phase where the cell is hanging out, taking up nutrients and making proteins. The cell is getting bigger. (Growth and normal metabolic rates)

answer

G1

question

(Interphase) cells sit here in this phase if they are never going to divide

answer

G0

question

(Interphase) Phase where DNA synthesis occurs. Each of the 46 chromosomes gets replicated here.

answer

S

question

(Interphase) Phase in growth and preparation for mitosis.

answer

G2

question

After a certain amount of time or certain number of cell divisions, cells die

answer

cellular clock

question

end of the chromosome strand

answer

telomere

question

atoms or molecules with an unpaired electron (look to steal electrons from DNA causing mutation and damage OR mitochondrial damage)

answer

Free radicals

question

Generally, the longer the life expectancy of the cell, the ______ the mitotic rate

answer

slower

question

process of specialization (what cells perform what tasks)

answer

differentiation

question

unregulated mitosis (stem cells replenish themselves)

answer

cancer

question

cells divide but don't move anywhere (tumor)

answer

benign

question

tumors that grow rapidly and move (metastasis)

answer

malignant

question

A protein contains 100 amino acids. The mRNA that encodes this protein must contain at least how many nucleotides (bases)?

answer

303

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