A&P Chapter 25: Genetics – Flashcards
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Genetics
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The scientific study of inheritance and human diseases
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Gene therapy
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Treating fatal inherited disorders
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informtion in the genetic code can cause what?
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Diseases
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BRCA gene tests for
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Breast or ovarian cancer
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BRCA1 and BRCA2
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They are somewhere on DNA that makes a protein
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ALS Gentic test look for
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SOD1 on Chromosome 21 (found in 20%)
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ALS
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis *Affects the muscle cells causing them to shrink
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Human Genome
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The entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell of the human body
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Genetic testing using saliva (passive drool method) collects what type of cells?
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Epithelial cells (Cell inside the cheek) makes a copy
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Genetic Material --- ______----Code sequence for proteins----_______
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DNA Strands Code for each amino acid
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Gene
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Each part of the DNA that makes proteins
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Transfer of Genetic Material CHROMOSOMES
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Coiled up DNA packaged very tightly (contains the genetic material)
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
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46 X's 22 autosome + 1 sex chromosome from each parent
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Karyotype
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Chart that we make to represent each persons set of chromosomes Nuclear chromosomes is then cut and pasted, arranging each of the 46 chromosomes into number pairs of decreasing size to form a Karyotype.
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What is an ideogram
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Simple cartoon of a chromosome is often used in genomics to show the overalll structure of a chromosome
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Mitosis
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Cell to cell copies
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Meiosis
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Produces your sex cells "Ovaries and testes"
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Gametes
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Male spermatozoa and female ova
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How do sex cells differ from other tissue type cells?
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Sex cells are haploid cells--- only containing one strand of DNA.
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Stages of Mitosis
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Prophase metaphase anaphase telephase
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Genetic Variation
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Genotype Phenotype
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Gtype
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What the gene is for
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Pheotype
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How the gene is expressed (not always the same)
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Punnett Square
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Grid used to determine the probability of inheriting genetic tratis
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What is a carrier of a genetic disease
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A person who has a recessive (hidden gene) they do not have any symptoms of the disease but could pass the recessive (hidden) gene to their child Examples: Hemophila, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Colorblindness
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Examples of Genetic Disease
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Sex-Linked Single Gene Diseases Chromosomal Cystic Fibrosis PKU Hemophilia Albinism
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Chromosomal
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Abnormal number of chromosomes Non disjunctio-extra chromosome occurs Example: Down Syndrome (trisomy 21- extra one) Klinefelter Syndrome XXy Turner Syndrome XO
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Other examples of single cell diseases
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Cystic Fibrosis- Thick mucous, one single gene for protein on cell membrane and one Chloride ion is altered, causes mucous to increase PKU- More common in people descended from Western Europe; one single gene is missing. The gene that codes for one enzyme that digests phenylalanine. Amino acid is in most protein Hemophilia- Group of blood-clotting disorders caused by a failure to form clotting factors VIII, IX, or XI Albinism- Born with no skin, pigmentation, melanin in the skin and eyes, cannot go out in the sun. Tay Sachs Syndrome- Test with a guthrie One single gene for an enzyme involved in lipid digestion Too many fatty compounds accumlate in the brain tissue . Can lay dormant for up to 7 months. Starts with muscle twitches, seizures, vision loss, hearing loss, fatal by the age of 4
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Why is amniocentesis performed?
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Can be chemically tested or used to produce a Karyotype of the developing baby They draw out fluid from the skin cells.
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What is gene therapy
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the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
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Pedigree
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A chart that illistrates genetic relationships in a family over several generations.
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There are ________ of genes in humans?
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20k-25k
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About this percent of the DNA carries active genes.
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2%
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The shorter arm of the chromosome is the? The longer arm of the chromosome from from the centromere is the?
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p-arm q-arm
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Which of the following increases genetic variation in the offspring?
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Independent assortment and crossing over
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The normal skin pigment gene "A" is dominant to the recessive albino gene "a." A person with genes Aa
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Would have normal skin pigment and would be a carrier of albinism
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Which of the following is not true about the X and Y chromosomes?
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Not all sex-linked diseases are carried by the Y chromosome
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example of a sex-linked condition.
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red/green color blindness
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The single-gene disease caused by recessive genes that fail to produce the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is
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phenylketonuria.
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The most well-known chromosomal disorder is trisomy 21, which produces a group of symptoms called
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Down Syndrome
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A chart that illustrates genetic relationships in a family over several generations is called a
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pedigree
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The procedure in which fetal tissue can be collected from the fluid surrounding the fetus is called
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Aminocentisis
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Which of the following is not true of genetic mutations?
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They are always harmful to the cell or individual
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This is the science that describes how environmental factors may result in offspring with genetic traits that cannot be explained by genes alone
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EpiGenetics
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This is a single gene disease which causes an impairment of ion transport across the cell membrane.
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Cystic Fibrosis
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This is a single gene recessive condition that involves the failure of an essential lipid processing enzyme, hexosaminidase.
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Tay-Sach
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This is an epigenetic condition caused by an over-methylation of a section of DNA
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Fragile X Syndrome
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This condition is caused by a male having an extra X chromosome, XXY.
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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This condition occurs in a female with a single X chromosome, XO.
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Turner Syndrome
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This is a grid that is used to determine the probability of inheriting a genetic trait.
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Punnett Square
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This can be used to detect chromosome disorders by studying photographs of chromosomes in the process of mitosis.
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Karyotype
