AP Biology Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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What are the properties of all living organisms?
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Organization, acquisition of materials and energy, reproduction, adaptation, and maintaining homeostasis
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Describe an emergent property that might arise when moving from a single neuron (nerve cell) to nervous tissue.
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The brain thinks but nerve cells do not
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The level of organization that includes cells of similar structure and function would be-
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a tissue
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Adaptation
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A species's modification in structure, function, or behavior that makes a species more suitable to its environment
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Which of the subatomic particles contributes almost no weight to an atom?
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Electrons at various energy levels
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The atomic number tells you the-
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number of protons in the atom
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An atom that has two electrons in the outer shell, such as magnesium, would most likely-
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lose these two electrons and become a positively charged ion
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Isotopes differ in their-
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number of neutrons
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What are some characteristics of organic molecules?
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- Always contain carbon and hydrogen - Always have covalent bonds - Usually large - Usually associated with living organisms
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What are the biomolecules?
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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What is hydrophobic?
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to be unable to interact with water
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What is hydrophilic?
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to be able to interact with water either by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules
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What are isomers?
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Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure, and therefore a different shape
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What does the cell theory state?
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- All organisms are composed of cells - Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms - Cells only come from pre-existing cells because cells are self-reproducing
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What are prokaryotic cells?
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Cells that generally lack a membrane-bounded nucleus and organelles; the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea
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Where is the point of attachment for sister chromatids?
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Centromere
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What is found at the spindle pole in the center of an aster?
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Centrosome
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What is coiled and condensed chromatin called?
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Chromosome
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Where are the chromosomes located in the cell?
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Nucleus
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If a parent cell has 14 chromosomes prior to mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?
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14 because the chromatids separate
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In which phase of mitosis are the kinetochores of the chromosomes being attached to spindle fibers?
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Prometaphase
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What are the three stages of interphase?
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G1, S, & G2
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At the metaphase plate during metaphase of mitosis, there are-
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duplicated chromosomes
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During which mitotic phases are duplicated chromosomes present?
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All but anaphase and telophase
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What is cancer?
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Uncontrollable cell division that results in a tumor
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Meiosis in males is a part of-
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spermatogenesis
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Meiosis in females is a part of-
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oogenesis
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What are 2 beneficial applications of transgenic bacteria?
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Beach oil spill clean-up and the clean up of toxic waste dumps.
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List 2 beneficial applications of transgenic plants.
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Larger sized plants can be made, plants can resist harsher environments.
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List 2 scientific benefits of using the polymerase chain reaction.
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Creation of DNA profiles, fingerprint analysis.
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What is an example of in vivo gene therapy?
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The treatment of cystic fibrosis.
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Why do polar bodies form?
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They allow a reduction in chromosomes while preserving all the food for one egg
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What is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder?
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Huntington's disease
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What is the overall charge on a molecule of water?
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Neutral
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The property of water molecules being attracted to other water molecules is called _______.
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Adhesion.
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What are two molecules used to make carbohydrates?
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ATP CO2
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In regulation of the lac operon, when lactose is present and glucose is absent,
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the repressor is unable to bind to the operator and transcription of structural genes occurs
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In regulation of the trp operon, when tryptophan is present,
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The repressor is able to bind to the operator
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In operon models, the function of the promotor is to
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bind with RNA polymerase
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What regulates gene expression in the eukaryotic nucleus?
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Transcriptional control, posttranscriptional control
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What mechanism may create multiple mRNA's from the same gene?
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Alternative mRNA splicing
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Translational control of gene expression occurs in the-
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cytoplasm
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Alternative mRNA splicing is an example of which type of regulation of gene expression?
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posttranscriptional
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If a cell is cancerous, you might find an abnormality in
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a proto-oncogene, a tumor suppressor gene, regulation of the cell cycle, tumor cells
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A tumor supressor gene-
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inhibits cell division, opposes oncogenes, prevents cancer, and is subject to mutations
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A mutation in a DNA molecule involving the replacement of one nucleotide base pair with another is called a
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point mutation
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What is the difference between a cloned animal and a transgenic animal?
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A transgenic animal contains recombinant DNA molecules in addition to its genome, whereas a cloned animal is genetically identical to the one from which it was created but does not contain recombinant DNA.
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Proteins are chains of _______
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amino acids
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What are some examples of proteins?
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Insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin
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Carbohydrates consisting of one sugar are called a ______
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monosaccharide
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Starches in plants and glycogen in animals are used for _______
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energy storage
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What are the functions of proteins?
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Metabolism, support, transport, defense, regulation, motion
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Why do lipid and water not mix?
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The lipids have no polarity, they cannot dissolve into water
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If 30$ of an organism's DNA is thymine, then-
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30% is adenine
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Which bases are purines?
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Adenine and Guanine
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Which bases are pyrimidines?
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Cytosine and Thymine
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DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because-
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both of the new molecules contain one new strand and one old strand
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Transformation occurs when-
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organisms receive foreign DNA and thereby acquire a new characteristic
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Pyrimidines are always paired with a ______
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purine
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A nucleotide is a subunit of _______
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nucleic acids
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The central dogma of molecular biology states-
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that DNA is a template for all RNA production
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Because there are more codons than amino acids-
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some amino acids are specified by more than one codon
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During protein synthesis, an anticodon on transfer RNA (tRNA) pairs with
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messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide bases.
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What are the differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?
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saturated fats lack double bonds between its carbons and contain as many hydrogens as it can possibly hold unsaturated fats have double bonds, fewer hydrogens, and are usually considered better for you
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What is transcription?
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First stage of gene expression, the process whereby a DNA strand serves as a template for the formation of mRNA
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What is translation?
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During gene expression, the process whereby ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to produce a polypeptide with a particular sequence of amino acids.
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What is DNA?
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Deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose, the genetic material of nearly all organisms.
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The greatest contributor of electrons to the electron transport chain is-
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citric acid cycle
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Where does glycolosis occur?
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cytoplasm
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What is glucose split into in cell respiration?
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2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 NADH molecules
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When does pyruvate enter a mitochondrion?
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when oxygen is available
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Where does the preparatory reaction occur?
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the matrix of the mitochondria
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What does the prep reaction start with?
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2 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid
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Where does the citric acid (krebs cycle) occur?
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the matrix of the mitochondria
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Each acetyl CoA molecule enters the Krebs cycle-
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one at a time
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
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Cristae of the mitochondria
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Energy is stored in _______ molecules
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ATP
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What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
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6CO2 + 12H2O -> 6(CH2O) + 6H2O + 6O2
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What are the steps involved in light reactions?
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1. solar energy is absorbed 2. water is split so that oxygen is released 3. ATP & NADH are produced
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What are the steps involved in the Calvin cycle reactions.
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1. Carbon dioxide is absorbed 2. It is reduced to carbs
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How is solar energy captured in the light reactions?
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Photons strike a leaf, activate the chlorophyll and excite the electrons
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What is the purpose of the light reactions?
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To convert light energy to a useable form of chemical energy.
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What molecules are used to make carbohydrates?
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CO2, ATP, NADPH, and other electron carriers
