AP Biology: Ch 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes – Mader – Flashcards
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energy
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the ability to do work or bring about change
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kinetic energy
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Energy of motion
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potential energy
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energy that is stored
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chemical energy
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A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.
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mechanical energy
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the energy associated with the motion and position of everyday objects
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heat
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The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures
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laws of thermodynamics
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The physical laws that define the basic properties and behavior of energy
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entropy
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a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system
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metabolism
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the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
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reactants
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a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
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products
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A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction
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free energy
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energy that is available to do work
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exergonic reactions
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chemical reactions that release energy
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endergonic reactions
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reactions that absorb more energy than they release
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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a chemical that is considered to be the fuel or energy source for an organism
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ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
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an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells
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mole
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the SI base unit that describes the amount of a substance
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phosphorylated
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Referring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group.
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enzyme
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A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
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ribozymes
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RNA molecules that function as enzymes
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metabolic pathway
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sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell
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substrates
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the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
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active site
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The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
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induced fit model
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undergoes slight shape change to accommodate substrate
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energy of activation
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The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start
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denaturation
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When the three dimensional structure of a protein is changed and can no longer function.
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cofactors (enzymes)
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inorganic and organic chemicals that assist enzymes during the catalysis of reactions
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coenzymes
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organic molecules that interact with enzymes -does not have a charge -enzyme helper
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NAD+
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electron carrier involved in glycolysis (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
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FAD
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an electron carrier that is changed to FADH2, similar to NAD+
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NADP+
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carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
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vitamins
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substance(s) that help regulate the body's functions
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enzyme inhibition
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means by which cells regulate enzyme activity
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noncompetitive inhibition
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Bind to enzyme but NOT at active site
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allosteric site
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a site on the enzyme (not the active site) to which molecules can bind
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competitive inhibition
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when an inhibitor bonds to the active site of an enzyme
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redox reaction
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an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
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ATP synthase complex
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Complex of proteins in the cristae of mitochondria and thylakoid membrane of chloroplast that produces ATP as hydrogen flows down a. concentration gradient
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Chemiosmosis
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Process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts use the energy of an electron transport chain to create a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation.
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coupled reactions
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Reactions that occur simultaneously; one is an exergonic reaction that releases energy, and the other is an endergonic reaction that requires an input of energy in order to occur.
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oxidation
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Loss of one or more electrons from an atom or molecule; in biological systems, generally the loss of hydrogen atoms.
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reduction
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gain of electrons by an atom or molecule with a concurrent storage of energy; in biological systems, the electrons are accompanied by hydrogen ions
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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Passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bounded carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP.
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Chemiosmosis
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Process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts use the energy of an electron transport chain to create a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation.
