Polar Molecules Chemistry Flashcards
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Polar molecules are the result of
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Unequal electron pair sharing
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Sebaceous glands
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Secrets oil to lubricate hair and prevent infection
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Lamellar corpuscle
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Detects pressure stimulus
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What is the most common cell in the epidermis?
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Keratinocytes
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Cell division is most common in which layer of the epidermis?
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Stratum basale
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What feature of the prickle cells in the Stratum Spinosum (epidermis layer) causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation?
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Their desmosome attatchments
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Which skin-color-associated, pigment- producing cell is located in the stratum basale? (Deepest layer)
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Melanocytes
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Which epidermal layer is least likely to develop cancer?
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The stratum corneum
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The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is___?
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The plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels
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In general, skin cancer is least likely to develop where?
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The scalp
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A Caucasian patient with par skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that evaluates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor doesn't change. What is the cause of the pallor in the patient?
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Anemia
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In alopecia, new hair growth stops because cell division is inhibited in the ____.
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Hair matrix
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The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they___.
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Can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal & dermal cell plasma membranes
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Sensory touch receptors
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Tactile cells
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Activators of immune system
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Dendritic cells
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Deepest layer of epidermis
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Stratum basale
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Prickly layer of epidermis (next to last)
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Stratum spinosum
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Cell appearance changes (flatten) in this layer of the epidermis. (Middle layer)
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Stratum Granulosum
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Clear layer of epidermis (only in thick skin) (Second layer)
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Stratum Lucidum
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Horny, top layer of epidermis. (3/4 of the epidermis) (Dead, but protects deeper cells)
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Stratum corneum
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-Contains epidermal hair follicles; oil & sweat glands -Strong, flexible connective tissue
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Dermis
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2 layers of dermis
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Papillary Layer Reticular Layer
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Dermal papillae
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Superficial peg like projections
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Flexible lines
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Visible on hands, wrists, fingers, toes, palms, soles
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Striae
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Silvery-white scars "stretch marks"
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Blister
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-From acute, short-term trauma -Fluid-filled pocket that separates epidermal and dermal layers
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3 pigments that contribute to skin color
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Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin
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Carotene
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Yellow to orange pigment
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Hemoglobin
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Pinkish hue of fair skin
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Cyanosis
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Blue: low oxidation
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Erythema
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Red: fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy, exercising
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Pallor
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Blanching: anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger
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Jaundice
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Yellow: liver disorder
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Bronzing
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Inadequate steroid hormones in Addison's Disease
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Bruises
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Clotted blood beneath skin
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Functions of hair
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-want of insects in skin -protection from physical trauma -protection from heat loss -protection from sunlight
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Vellus hair
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Pale, fine body hair of children and women
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Terminal hair
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Coarse long hair of eyebrows, scalp, hair at puberty
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Alopecia
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Hair thinning in both sexes after age 40
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Sweat glands are also called:
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Sudoriferous glands
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Two main types of sweat glands
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Eccrine Apocrine
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Most common sweat gland
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Eccrine
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Functions of Integumentary system
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-protection -body temp regulation -cutaneous sensation -metabolic functions -blood reservoir -excretion
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How do you check for melanoma?
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ABCD Rule
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What is the ABCD rule?
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Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter
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How do you evaluate burns?
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Rule of nines
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First degree burn
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-Epidermal damage only (Red, swollen, pain)
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Second degree burn
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-Epidermal and upper dermal damage (Blisters appear)
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Third degree burns
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Entire thickness of skin involved (skin gray-white, cherry red, or blackened, no pain)
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Debridement
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Removal of burned skin
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Cell
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Structural and functional unit of life
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Cell theory
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Organism all functions depend on individual and collective cell functions
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Plasma membrana
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Flexible outer bounding, controls what goes in and out of the cell
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Cytoplams
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Intercellular fluid containing organelles
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Nucleus
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Control center
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Interstitial fluid (IF)
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Extra cellular fluid (ECF) that surrounds cell
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Two ways substances cross membrane
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Passive processes Active processes
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Passive processes
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-No cellular energy (ATP) required -Substance moves down its concentration gradient
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Active process
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Energy required, only occurs in living things
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Two types of passive transport
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Diffusion Filtration
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Diffusion
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Collisions cause molecules to move down or with their concentration gradient
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Molecule will passively diffuse through membrane if...
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-lipid soluble -nonpolar covalent (small) -small enough to to pass through membrane channel -assisted by carrier molecule
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Channel mediated facilitated diffusion
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-Aqueous channels formed by transmembrane proteins -selectively transport ions or water
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Two types
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Leakage channels Gated channels
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Leakage channels
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Always open
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Gated chsnnels
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Controlled by chemical electrical sigbals
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Osmosis
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Movement of solvent across selectively permeable membrane
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Water diffuses through _______.
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Plasma membranes
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Osmolarity
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Measure of total concentration of solute particles
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Hydrostatic pressure
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Back pressure of water on membrane
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Osmotic pressure
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Tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis
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Tonicity
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Ability of solution to alter cell's water volume
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Isotonic
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Solution with same non-penetrating solute concentration as cystol
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Hypertonic
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Solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration than cystol
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Hypotonic
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Solution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cystol
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Two types of activities processes
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Active transport Vesicular transport
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Active transport
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-Requires carrier proteins -Moves solutes against concentration gradient
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Two types of active transport
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Primary active transport Secondary active transport
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Primary active transport
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Requires energy directly from the hydrolysis of ATP
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Secondary active transport
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Requires energy indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport
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Symport system
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Substances transported in same direction
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Antiport system
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Substances transported in opposite directions
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Vesicular transport
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Transport of large particular macromolecules and fluid across membrane
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Two functions of vesicle transport
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Exocytosis Endocytosis
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Exocytosis
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Transport out of the cell
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Endocytosis
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Transport into the cell
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Transcytosis
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Transport into, across, and out of the cell
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Vesicular trafficking
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Transport from one area or organelle to another
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
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Allows specific Endocytosis and transcytosis
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Chromatin are arranged in fundamental units called ____.
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Nucleosomes
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Two phases of cell cycle
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Interphase Cell division
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Interphase
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-Period from cell formation to cell division -Cell grows, protons synthesis, and cell metabolism
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Cell division
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Nuclear division, mitosis cytoplasmic division, cytokinesis
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Three sub phases of interphase
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G1 phase S phase G2 phase
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G1 phase
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Normal vigorous growth and metabolism
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S phase
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DNA replication only
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G2 phase
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Preparation for division
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Meiosis
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Cell division of gametes
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Mitosis
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1 cell that makes 2 exact copies
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Cytokinesis
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Division of the cytoplasm by cleavage furrow; occurs during late anaphase
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Three types of RNA
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mRNA tRNA rRNA
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mRNA
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Go back and forth between nucleus & ribosome, make the transcript for ribosome
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tRNA
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Anticodon along with appropriate amino acid
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rRNA
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Actual structural component of ribosome
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2 steps of protein synthesis
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Transcription Translation
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Transcription
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Transfers DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA
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Promoter
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DNA sequence specifying start site of gene on template strand
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Translation
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Converts base sequence of nucleic acids into amino acid sequence of proteins
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Three phases of transcription
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Initiation Elongation Termination
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Initiation
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RNA polymerase separates DNA strand
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Elongation
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RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides AUCG
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Termination
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Termination signal indicates stop
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Codon
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Complementary 3-base sequence of mRNA
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Role of tRNA
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Binds specific amino acid at one end
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tRNA's 3 sites
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Aninoacyl site (A) Peptidyl site. (P) Exit site (E)
