question

A scientific hypothesis can:

answer

Predict future outcomes Be refuted by new information Help explain observed phenomena All of the above

question

Physical anthropology is both a __________ and a _________ science.

answer

biological / social

question

Which of the following outlines the steps of the scientific method in order?

answer

Identify a problem, state a hypothesis, collect data, test the hypothesis.

question

Anthropology is the study of:

answer

Humankind

question

A physical anthropologist would study which of the following:

answer

modern huntergatherers in Africa skeletons from ancient Rome primate behavior all of the above

question

Physical anthropology deals with all aspects of human biology, both past and present.

answer

True

question

The biocultural approach can be defined as:

answer

The relationship between genetic inheritance and learned information.

question

Physical anthropologists only study Africa, where humans evolved.

answer

False

question

The environment does not affect humans' biological makeup.

answer

False

question

Modern humans lost the typical primate honing canine for food processing because of which invention?

answer

stone tools

question

Physical anthropologists can understand human biological variation by looking at changes in:

answer

Genes Health Lifestyle All of the Above

question

Which of the following is NOT a uniquely human activity?

answer

Climbing a tree

question

Physical anthropology and biological anthropology are two names for the same branch of anthropology.

answer

True

question

The four branches of anthropology are:

answer

cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology

question

A scientific theory is nothing more than a guess.

answer

False

question

___________ created the discipline of American anthropology.

answer

Franz Boas

question

Physical anthropologists who helped recover and identify 9/11 victims largely consider themselves to be in which subspecialty?

answer

Forensic anthropologist

question

Physical anthropology is the study of human __________ and human _________.

answer

evolution / variation

question

The invention of this item (click here) was responsible for a change in our ancestors' teeth.

answer

True

question

New research in 2001 changed the way we think about human origins by demonstrating that the earliest hominids lived in ___________.

answer

woodlands

question

Which of the following would a physical anthropologist NOT study to learn more about humans?

answer

pottery and stone tools

question

According to Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics:

answer

Individuals pass on acquired modifications to their offspring.

question

In coming up with an idea of evolution, Darwin drew on information from:

answer

geology and paleontology taxonomy and systematics demography all of the above

question

________________'s observation that geographic strata contained extinct fossils was the basis for his idea of ___________________.

answer

Cuvier / catastrophism

question

Darwin originally called his idea of evolution "_______________."

answer

descent with modification

question

Humans are in the genus and species __________________.

answer

Homo sapiens

question

Darwin did not know about genes but believed that traits passed from parents to offspring by particles called ______________.

answer

gemmules

question

This naturalist spent five years on the HMS Beagle.

answer

Charles Darwin

question

Darwin believed that ________________ was the primary cause of evolution.

answer

natural selection

question

Darwin's ideas about evolution and Mendel's research in genetics are combined into what we now call the idea of blending inheritance.

answer

False

question

The study of taxonomy was enriched by the work of:

answer

Carolus Linnaeus

question

A recessive allele requires two copies in order to be physically expressed.

answer

True

question

Which of the following was NOT one of Malthus' demographic observations?

answer

Parents produce only one offspring in most populations.

question

DNA is an acid.

answer

True

question

The famous pea plant experiments in genetics were done by:

answer

Gregor Mendel

question

Uniformitarianism, an important idea in geology, was proposed by these two scientists.

answer

Hutton and Lyell

question

The study of fossils is unimportant to physical anthropology.

answer

False

question

Darwin studied species of ____________ in the ____________ Islands when coming up with his ideas about evolution.

answer

finches / Galapagos

question

Mendel's discovery of discrete physical units passed from parents to offspring showed that the long-held idea of _______________ was incorrect.

answer

blending inheritance

question

The four forces of evolution are:

answer

gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, natural selection

question

Darwin's ideas helped stimulate research in the fields of biology, genetics, comparative anatomy, and physical anthropology.

answer

True

question

Human beings depend on culture for survival.

answer

True

question

Physical anthropology includes the study of linguistic variation as it relates to climate.

answer

False

question

Physical anthropologists assisted with the identification of victims at New York's World Trade Center after 9/11.

answer

True

question

Morphology refers to physical shape and appearance.

answer

True

question

Observations of living primates inform our efforts to understand our evolutionary past.

answer

True

question

Darwin's observation that bipedalism frees the hand to hold objects led him to hypothesize that tool use was an important selective pressure on bipedalism.

answer

True

question

A recent news article reports on findings from a dig in Mesopotamia. The researchers report that skeletal populations indicate a decline in stature and likely overall health at this period in time. This reminds you of another study you have read about, the populations of St. Catherines Island. What could be the reasons for the changes in skeletons?

answer

Health and stature declined with the adoption of agriculture.

question

Archaeology is:

answer

the study of the behavior and material culture of past human societies.

question

Physical anthropology:

answer

relies on the scientific method.

question

The scientific method:

answer

involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing.

question

A hypothesis:

answer

is an attempt to explain observations and predict future scientific results.

question

Forensic anthropology differs from biocultural anthropology in which of the following ways?

answer

applies anthropological techniques to modern crime scenes and disasters

question

How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology?

answer

It examines the interaction between genetics and culture in shaping human biology.

question

Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because:

answer

it was the first evolutionary development that clearly distinguished us from other animals.

question

How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

answer

A theory is an explanation relying on careful examination and testing of evidence.

question

How is culture defined?

answer

Culture is a learned behavior transmitted from person to person.

question

Franz Boas:

answer

united within American anthropology the study of culture, language, and biology.

question

Chimpanzees in the wild have been observed to do all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

teach their offspring how to flake stone tools.

question

Charles Darwin:

answer

was an English naturalist in the 1800s.

question

You spend a year of your life living with and studying crab fishermen. At the end of this time you document everything that you have learned. This is called a(n):

answer

ethnography.

question

Physical anthropologists might examine:

answer

brain biology. molecular structure of diseases. primate growth and development. all of the above

question

Organisms classified in two different biological orders can still belong to the same genus.

answer

False

question

Genetic drift is most powerful as an evolutionary cause when operating on small populations.

answer

True

question

Mendel's discrete units responsible for the characteristics in his pea plants are now known as chromosomes.

answer

False

question

Natural selection works on preexisting variation in a population.

answer

True

question

Darwin's theory of evolution drew from all of the following scientific disciplines EXCEPT:

answer

Genetics

question

Alfred Wallace was:

answer

an English naturalist who arrived at many of the same conclusions as Darwin.

question

Carolus Linnaeus:

answer

developed a classification system for plants and animals.

question

The idea of catastrophism is attributed to:

answer

Georges Cuvier.

question

The idea that geologic processes operating today are the same as those that happened in the past is:

answer

uniformitarianism.

question

The English demographer whose work on population growth greatly influenced Darwin's thinking was:

answer

Thomas Malthus.

question

Lamarck proposed an erroneous evolutionary mechanism known today as:

answer

inheritance of acquired characteristics.

question

The physical expression of an organism's genetic constitution is called the:

answer

phenotype.

question

Different versions, or subunits, of the same gene are:

answer

alleles.

question

The only possible source of new genetic material is:

answer

mutation.

question

In 1962, Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize for their 1953 discovery that the structure of the DNA molecule was:

answer

a double helix.

question

Recessive alleles for a given trait will be expressed if they are inherited:

answer

from both parents.

question

The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group he called primates was:

answer

Carolus Linnaeus.

question

All of the following are formal taxonomic categories EXCEPT:

answer

population.

question

The Human Genome Project is most likely to contribute to an understanding of which disease?

answer

cystic fibrosis

question

The scientist whose work provided the foundation for later understandings of genetics was:

answer

Gregor Mendel.

question

In RNA, _________ replaces thymine as a nucleotide base.

answer

uracil

question

Structural proteins found in the human body are responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

hormone changes

question

The largest organelles in a cell are the mitochondria.

answer

False

question

The four blood phenotypes in the human ABO system are:

answer

A, B, AB, O

question

The regulatory genes in a human that control the development of organs and tissues are called __________.

answer

Hox genes

question

mtDNA is inherited from:

answer

only the mother

question

___________ and ____________ are the two steps of protein synthesis.

answer

Transcription / translation

question

The production of new gametes is known as ___________.

answer

meiosis

question

This method amplifies DNA for analysis, which is particularly useful in paleogenetics.

answer

PCR

question

The potato and the guinea pig have more chromasomes than humans do.

answer

True

question

Human and chimpanzee DNA is about _________ similar.

answer

98%

question

The building blocks of DNA, nucleotides, are made up of:

answer

a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen base.

question

The human karyotype consists of ______ pairs of chromosomes.

answer

23

question

An offspring with the chromosome pair XX will be a:

answer

female

question

Regulatory or functional proteins include:

answer

lactase testosterone antibodies all of the above

question

An example of a prokaryotic cell is the bacterium E. coli.

answer

True

question

The somatic type of eukaryotic cells makes up:

answer

bone and muscle skin and fat hair and brain all of the above

question

In DNA base pairs, adenine and cytosine are complementary bases, as are thymine and guanine.

answer

False

question

Blocks of genetic material that do not recombine and are passed on for generations are called:

answer

haplotypes

question

Prokaryotes have multiple cells while eukaryotes have one.

answer

False

question

Which of the following abnormalities is NOT linked to malaria?

answer

schistosomiasis

question

Anthony Allison published several articles in the 1950s explaining the relationship between gene frequencies and this disease.

answer

malaria

question

A change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next is an example of evolution.

answer

True

question

Populations in which reproduction within the group is encouraged are called:

answer

endogamous

question

The two types of mutations are:

answer

spontaneous and induced

question

Founder effect is a special type of:

answer

genetic drift

question

Mutation is the only source of new genetic material.

answer

True

question

Birth weights in human newborns tend to cluster in the middle of a range of weights, which is an example of:

answer

stabilizing selection

question

Recent research indicates malaria was present in the Americas prior to Columbus.

answer

False

question

A man affected by Klinefelter's syndrome has _________ chromosomes.

answer

47

question

A heritable change in genetic material is better known as:

answer

mutation

question

The gene pool includes only the beneficial traits in a population.

answer

False

question

Lactase deficiency is the most common protein deficiency in the world.

answer

True

question

Another name for a reproductive population is:

answer

deme

question

Members of a population that can breed and produce viable offspring are considered to be of the same:

answer

species

question

The equation p2 + 2pq + q2 is known as the:

answer

Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium

question

The three patterns of natural selection are:

answer

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

question

Down syndrome is an example of:

answer

mutation

question

The genotype that confers protection against malaria while allowing an individual to survive and reproduce is:

answer

AS

question

The case of the peppered moth and industrial melanism during the Industrial Revolution in England illustrates:

answer

change in frequency of the nonmelanic genotype

question

DNA replication takes place only during the production of new gametes.

answer

False

question

Most human nuclear DNA is coded to produce proteins.

answer

False

question

In order for traits to respond to natural selection, they must be heritable.

answer

True

question

All mammals have the same number of chromosomes.

answer

False

question

Hemoglobin is an amino acid.

answer

False

question

Somatic cells include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

sex cells.

question

The following are complementary bases in DNA:

answer

adenine and thymine.

question

Gametes are:

answer

haploid.

question

Down syndrome can occur:

answer

because of nondisjunction, which yields an extra chromosome.

question

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment:

answer

applies to genes on different chromosomes.

question

Proteins consist of:

answer

chains of amino acids.

question

Transcription:

answer

occurs in the nucleus.

question

RNA differs from DNA in that it uses:

answer

uracil instead of thymine.

question

Meiosis results in the production of:

answer

four gametes.

question

An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have any of the following except:

answer

type AB blood.

question

Individuals whose blood type is A and carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of:

answer

AO

question

The presence of a recessive allele:

answer

is usually masked in the phenotype.

question

The expression of polygenic traits:

answer

is determined by genes at several loci in conjunction with environmental factors.

question

DNA:

answer

directs cellular function.

question

Chromosome number is reduced during:

answer

meiosis.

question

Evolution can be defined as:

answer

a change in the genetic makeup (allele frequency) of a population from one generation to the next.

question

The only possible source of new, unique, genetic material comes from what?

answer

mutations

question

According to Charles Darwin, natural selection operates at the level of:

answer

individuals

question

Which of the evolutionary forces is most likely to decrease variation between two populations?

answer

gene flow

question

Genetic drift is the force of evolution that is most powerful when acting on very large populations.

answer

False

question

Reproductive isolation is key to the development of individual species.

answer

True

question

The inability to taste PTC indicates a homozygous recessive genotype.

answer

True

question

Malaria is caused by:

answer

bites from infected mosquitoes.

question

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes:

answer

no gene flow, mutation, genetic drift, or natural selection.

question

"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's:

answer

reproductive success.

question

The substitution of one DNA base for another due to a mistake during replication is called a:

answer

point mutation.

question

The ABO and MN blood type frequencies of the Dunkers differ significantly from those of current American and German populations due to:

answer

genetic drift.

question

Mutations to which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences?

answer

sex cells (gametes)

question

The best documented case of industrial melanism involves:

answer

peppered moths.

question

The mutation known as trisomy 21, in which an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, is more commonly known as:

answer

Down syndrome.

question

An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have any of the following

answer

type AB blood.

question

Human ABO blood types are:

answer

controlled by multiple alleles.

question

DNA:

answer

is coded to produce hormones and enzymes. serves as a template for protein production. is coded to produce structural proteins. All of the above.

question

Mitochondrial DNA is contained within the cell's nucleus.

answer

False

question

Sicklecell-anemia is the result of a single-point mutation on chromosome 11.

answer

True

question

Mutation is one of many sources of new alleles.

answer

False

question

Spontaneous mutation is the result of:

answer

UV radiation

question

Demes in which marriage and reproduction take place from within the groups are called:

answer

endogamous.

question

Which of the following is necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to be maintained?

answer

random mating

question

The absence of the A and B alleles in Native American populations is a result of:

answer

founder effect

question

A point mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid coded for is said to be a:

answer

synonymous mutation.

question

Evolution can best be defined as:

answer

a change in allele frequencies in a breeding population over time.

question

Klinefelter's syndrome results from males' passing on an extra copy of the X chromosome (resulting in a 47-chromosome, XXY karyotype).

answer

True

question

The effects of gene flow have decreased from 10,000 years ago to the present.

answer

False

question

Bipedalism:

answer

was the first evolutionary development that clearly distinguished us from other animals.

question

Anthropology includes the study of:

answer

the use and social context of language. fossil humans and their closest relatives. prehistoric societies and artifacts. All of the above.

question

Observations of living primates inform our efforts to understand our evolutionary past.

answer

True

question

Culture is:

answer

learned behavior transmitted from person to person.

question

Changes in the skeletons of populations on St. Catherines Island, near Georgia, revealed that:

answer

health and stature declined with the adoption of agriculture.

question

Material culture:

answer

has recently been argued to be present in chimpanzee societies.

question

Margaret Mead was:

answer

an early cultural anthropologist who worked in Papua New Guinea.

question

Forensic anthropology:

answer

applies anthropological techniques to modern crime scenes and disasters.

question

The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group he called primates was:

answer

Carolus Linnaeus.

question

Darwin observed that adaptations:

answer

were physical traits that enhanced survival and reproduction.

question

Thomas Henry Huxley was a fierce opponent of Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection.

answer

False

question

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):

answer

is the "recipe" for all biological characteristics and functions.

question

According to Darwin, natural selection operates at the level of:

answer

individuals

question

Overnutrition is linked to an increase in:

answer

diabetes cholesterol blood pressure all of the above

question

The growth and development of females is more sensitive to stressors in the environment than the growth and development of males.

answer

False

question

The eruption of the first permanent molar and the completion of brain growth happen during ____________ development.

answer

childhood

question

Human adaptation occurs at four levels: genetic, developmental, acclimatization, cultural.

answer

True

question

In the 1700s, _____________ developed a scientific classification of race.

answer

Blumenbach

question

A gradual change in phenotype over a geographical area is called a:

answer

cline

question

Undernutrition can result in:

answer

reduced and slow growth

question

Weaning occurs at the end of:

answer

the third trimester childhood puberty none of the above

question

Vasoconstriction results in the red face of a person in a hot environment.

answer

False

question

The disease rickets, which affects bone mineralization, results from a deficiency in:

answer

Vitamin D

question

Recent research indicates that humans evolved here (click here). The concept of race began:

answer

False during the Renaissance

question

Johann Blumenbach's racial typology included all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Mongolians

question

Frank Livingstone, a noted physical anthropologist, is famous for having said about human diversity in appearance: "There are no _________, there are only ___________."

answer

races / clines

question

The slowest growth velocity of body tissues after birth can be seen in the:

answer

reproductive system

question

The period of time from about 20 years old to the end of the reproductive years is called:

answer

Prime

question

Osteoporosis is influenced by:

answer

loss of estrogen development of chronic diseases smoking cigarettes all of the above

question

Hair loss and sweating are both thermoregulatory adaptations to heat in humans.

answer

True

question

The medullary cavity of a bone exists in the _______________.

answer

diaphysis

question

Bergmann's and Allen's rules include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

individuals in cold climates have long limbs

question

In general, populations living between 0-20° N latitude have the darkest skin color.

answer

False

question

Functional adaptations in humans during their lifetimes are usually associated with environmental conditions.

answer

True

question

Vasodilation is the expansion of blood vessels near the body's surface in response to excessive cold.

answer

False

question

Loss of body hair during human evolution may have resulted from thermoregulatory adaptation to sweating in hot climates.

answer

True

question

C. Loring Brace argued that the race concept:

answer

can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaring travelers observed differences between people from distant lands.

question

Senescence is:

answer

after the childbearing years.

question

DNA:

answer

schedules growth, but environment and events influence actual development.

question

Most neonatal deaths in the U.S. are caused by:

answer

low birth weight.

question

Low birth weight can result from a mother's:

answer

malnutrition. excessive alcohol consumption. smoking. All of the above.

question

Infancy ends:

answer

at 36 months

question

Human brain growth is completed by age:

answer

six.

question

Puberty is marked by:

answer

menarche in girls.

question

When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses:

answer

full adult height is attained.

question

Osteoporosis is:

answer

a main cause of hip fractures in older women.

question

Ethnographic evidence from around the world shows that postmenopausal women do all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

not live very long.

question

The strength and mass of bone:

answer

vary with an individual's level of physical activity.

question

Exercise improves physical fitness by contributing to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

increased cholesterol.

question

Adaptations to high altitude include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

smaller diameter of blood vessels.

question

Dark skin, a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples, is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation because UV radiation can cause:

answer

follate depletion

question

Osteomalacia is caused by:

answer

insufficient amount of vitamin D.

question

Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection in that Tibetan women:

answer

with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving children.

question

In primate societies, ____________ is learned, transmitted knowledge.

answer

Culture

question

Hominoids do not have tails.

answer

True

question

The dental formula for Old World primates, including humans, is:

answer

2 / 1 / 2 / 3

question

Only primates have opposable thumbs.

answer

False

question

Hominoids include:

answer

orangutans chimpanzees gorillas all of the above

question

The key factors that contribute to a female primate's success at feeding include:

answer

food quality distribution of food food availability all of the above

question

Primates have enhanced sense(s) of:

answer

touch

question

Visual differences between primates and other animals include:

answer

overlapping vision fields

question

Lemurs are found naturally only in:

answer

Madagascar

question

A fossil with bilophodont molars is most likely an Old World monkey.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is true about chimpanzee tool use?

answer

Chimpanzees use tools mostly for acquiring food.

question

In Linnaean taxonomy, humans are in the superfamily _______________.

answer

Hominoidea

question

The sagittal crest of some primates helps anchor muscles for:

answer

chewing

question

The six main types of primate residence pattern include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

All female

question

Male primates use their canines for eating food and for scaring enemies.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is NOT true of primates?

answer

Primates inhabit every continent.

question

The placement of the foramen magnum in humans indicates:

answer

bipedal locomotion

question

Anthropoids differ from prosimians in all the following ways EXCEPT:

answer

Anthropoids have more teeth than prosimians.

question

Primates' enhanced ___________ led to a reduced sense of ___________.

answer

vision/ smell

question

Fingerprints help enhance primates' sense of touch.

answer

True

question

Primates are notable for high levels of diversity and adaptability.

answer

True

question

Suspensory locomotion is characteristic of macaques.

answer

False

question

All primates have a projecting nose similar to that observed in dogs that contributed to their decreased reliance on a sense of smell.

answer

False

question

Because of the enhanced sense of touch, most primate species have nails instead of claws on the back of the finger tips.

answer

True

question

Primates are flexible and not particularly vulnerable to habitat change and hunting.

answer

False

question

Anthropoid species have a sense of smell that is more highly developed than Prosimian species.

answer

False

question

Unlike apes, monkeys:

answer

have limbs (arms and legs) of relatively equal length.

question

The presence of five digits on hands and feet is:

answer

a primitive mammalian trait, retained in most primates.

question

Living lemurs are found only in:

answer

Madagascar.

question

Primate females:

answer

give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.

question

Anthropoids include:

answer

monkeys, apes, and humans.

question

Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they:

answer

have better color vision.

question

Prehensile tails:

answer

are present only in some platyrrhines.

question

While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely:

answer

a New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.

question

The Y5 molar morphology is present in:

answer

chimpanzees.

question

A feature unique only to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is:

answer

a canine that shows wear on the tip.

question

Preadaptation is:

answer

the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.

question

Grooming relationships reinforce social structures and cement social bonds.

answer

True

question

Male chimpanzees' hunting success is greater when they hunt in groups.

answer

True

question

Altruistic behavior occurs when both individuals benefit from the behavior.

answer

False

question

Humans are the only primates known to use material culture to access food resources.

answer

False

question

Jane Goodall was the first to document:

answer

use of stick tools by chimpanzees. predatory behavior of chimpanzees. enduring nature of mother-offspring bond in chimpanzees. all of the above

question

Sexual dimorphism in canine size:

answer

is greater in societies where males compete.

question

Monogamy is characteristic of:

answer

gibbons.

question

Altruistic behaviors include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

dominance behavior.

question

Nocturnal primates communicate through:

answer

vocalizations.

question

Chimpanzee hunting has been used as a model for the origins of human hunting because:

answer

chimpanzees are the closest relatives of humans. hunting has a nutritional basis. hunting is most successful when chimps hunt together. all of the above

question

Harry Harlow's experiments on rhesus monkeys showed that infants placed with artificial surrogate mothers:

answer

lacked basic social skills as adults.

question

Chimpanzees taught by humans to make simple stone tools:

answer

passed this new behavior to relatives.

question

In studies of primate cognition and tool use, researchers have taught chimpanzees to crack open nuts with stones. Later in life, these chimpanzees have taught other young chimpanzees and offspring the same skill. This could be considered:

answer

social transmission of learned behavior. a type of "culture" that is learned and passed between individuals. evidence of the cognitive capabilities of primates. all of the above

question

All of the following are relative methods of dating EXCEPT:

answer

radiocarbon dating

question

Rapid evolutionary change during long, static periods is known as:

answer

punctuated equilibrium

question

The principle of faunal succession was created by:

answer

William Smith

question

A volcanic eruption on the coast of Japan in 1850 deposits a layer of ash on top of a layer of red clay, and the ash is covered by a layer of silt in a tsunami in 1902. Archaeologists find a coin between the ash and silt, and they find a small pot between the ash and clay. Given this sequence of events, which of the following is true?

answer

The pot is older than the coin.

question

According to Bishop Ussher, when was the Earth was created?

answer

6,000 years ago

question

Which of the following elements can be used in radiometric dating?

answer

uranium (U) potassium (K) argon (Ar) all of the above

question

All of the following are absolute methods of dating EXCEPT:

answer

cultural dating

question

The molecular clock indicates that humans and chimpanzees diverged about ____ mya.

answer

6

question

Fossils are bones that have survived unchanged in the geological record.

answer

False

question

Chemical isotope analysis can help paleoanthropologists understand more about:

answer

a fossil animal's age the kinds of food a hominid ate what type of habitat an ape lived in all of the above

question

We are living in the Holocene epoch.

answer

True

question

Before the formation of the seven continents of the world, there was a supercontinent called:

answer

Pangaea

question

The study of what happens to the remains of an organism is called:

answer

taphonomy

question

The law of superposition created by Nicolaus Steno helped lay the foundations for:

answer

relative dating

question

Carbon-14 dating is very accurate up to 200,000 years before present.

answer

False

question

5,730 years is the ______________ of the carbon-14 radioisotope.

answer

half-life

question

In order to calculate the numerical age of a fossil specimen that you believe dates to about 2 mya, which of the following methods would you choose?

answer

fission-track dating

question

The study of climate, and in particular _______________, is extremely important for understanding past environments.

answer

temperature

question

The Earth is about 4.6 billion years old.

answer

True

question

Rapid burial after death usually impedes fossilization.

answer

False

question

Historically speaking, scientists were able to provide relative ages for fossils before they were able to provide numerical ages.

answer

True

question

The chemical signature of volcanic ash layers can be used to correlate sites across vast regions.

answer

True

question

The English surveyor who developed the technique of stratigraphic correlation between regions was:

answer

William Smith.

question

The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is:

answer

taphonomy.

question

The theory that species persist for long periods and then undergo rapid spurts of evolutionary change is:

answer

punctuated equilibrium.

question

If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:

answer

superposition.

question

One of the only fossil sites in the world that preserves a great deal of evidence for anthropoid evolution during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs is:

answer

Fayum, Egypt.

question

Prior to the invention of absolute dating techniques, one of the chemical dating methods useful for establishing the relative age of fossils from a single site was:

answer

fluorine dating.

question

Biostratigraphic dating relies on:

answer

the first and last appearances of species in the fossil record.

question

The absolute dating method that involves counting the annual rings visible in the cross section of a tree is called:

answer

dendrochronology.

question

With a half-life of 5,730 years, 14^C dating is useful for dating carbon-bearing objects as far back as:

answer

50,000 years ago.

question

Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer from an early hominid site in eastern Africa?

answer

40K/40Ar dating

question

What do geologists call the oldest portion of Earth's history, accounting for roughly 87% of that history?

answer

Precambrian eon

question

A diagram (family tree) that proposes hypothetical ancestordescendant relationships between species

answer

phylogeny.

question

Which of the following has the greatest likelihood of becoming fossilized?

answer

teeth

question

The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the:

answer

half-life.

question

The absolute dating technique that emerged as a result of research into constructing the atomic bomb during World War II is:

answer

14C dating.

question

The dating technique in which proteins are examined under high magnification using polarized light is:

answer

amino-acid racemization dating.

question

Euprimates, the first true primates, consisted of the following two groups:

answer

Omomyids and Adapids

question

From 14-9 mya, Dryopithecids were found in _____________ while Sivapithecids were found in _____________.

answer

Europe / Asia

question

Plesiadapiform anatomy indicates they were the first primates.

answer

False

question

Apes originated in Africa and then spread to Europe and Asia.

answer

True

question

This hypothesis states that primates emerged because of a suite of adaptations to life in the trees.

answer

arboreal

question

The common ancestor of all later catarrhines, Old World monkeys, and hominids was likely:

answer

Aegyptopithecus

question

Sussman's hypothesis regarding the importance of fruit as a new food source for primates is called the ______________ hypothesis.

answer

visual predation

question

Which of the following is uniquely human?

answer

precision grip

question

Higher primates most likely evolved from:

answer

Anthropoids

question

The first primate fossil to be described by a scientist was recorded by:

answer

Georges Cuvier

question

The largest primate that ever lived, named for its massive size, was:

answer

Oreopithecus Eosimias Aegyptopithecus None of the above

question

The first true anthropoid, the smallest primate ancestor found to date, was ____________ or "dawn monkey."

answer

Eosimias

question

Primates are not found in the fossil record until the Eocene.

answer

True

question

Miocene apes had physical characteristics of both contemporary apes and modern monkeys.

answer

True

question

Eocene primates differ from Palaeocene primates in the following way(s):

answer

increased vision reduced sense of smell larger brain All of the above

question

The Fayum primates in the early Oligocene were the:

answer

Oligopithecids Propliopithecids Parapithecids All of the above

question

Africa was definitely the ancestral home of the higher primates, anthropoids.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is NOT an hypothesis for how anthropoids got to South America?

answer

African ancestors reached South America through by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

question

Early apes in Asia were called the:

answer

Sivapithecids

question

Hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated foods:

answer

distinguish modern humans from their earlier ancestors.

question

Forensic anthropologists:

answer

focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals.

question

A diagram (family tree) that proposes hypothetical ancestor-descendant relationships between species is a:

answer

phylogeny.

question

One of the only fossil sites in the world that preserves a great deal of evidence for anthropoid evolution during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs is:

answer

Fayum, Egypt.

question

With a half-life of 5,730 years, 14C dating is useful for dating carbon-bearing objects as far back as:

answer

50,000 years ago.

question

A human karyotype contains 23 autosomal chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.

answer

False

question

The typical catarrhine dental formula is:

answer

2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

question

The typical dental formulas of lorises and lemurs is:

answer

2 / 1 / 3 / 3.

question

Which of the following are prosimians?

answer

lemurs

question

The two suborders of primates are:

answer

prosimians and anthropoids.

question

Jane Goodall was first to document:

answer

use of stick tools by chimpanzees. predatory behavior of chimpanzees. enduring nature of mother-offspring bonds in chimpanzees. All of the above.

question

Solitary primates and those in small groups suffer higher rates of eagle predation than those living in large groups.

answer

True

question

Fossils are typically recovered within igneous rock exposures.

answer

False

question

Dendrochronology is an absolute dating method that is also used to calibrate 14C dating.

answer

True

question

Relative to body size, primate brain size:

answer

is larger among great apes than among other primates.

question

The "supercontinent" that existed about 200 mya, from which the modern continents ultimately emerged, is called:

answer

Pangaea.

question

Variants of elements that differ based on the number of neutrons in the atom's nucleus are called:

answer

isotopes.

question

Paleomagnetic dating relies on:

answer

the periodic reversal of the earth's magnetic poles.

question

Physical anthropologists assisted with the identification of victims at New York's World Trade Center after 9/11.

answer

True

question

Margaret Mead was an early physical anthropologist who worked in Papua New Guinea.

answer

False

question

Recent studies have confirmed Darwin's hypothesis that the earliest hominids originated in grasslands.

answer

False

question

Just before the arrival of the Spanish on St. Catherines Island, people there:

answer

became the first farmers of the region.

question

Cultural anthropologists:

answer

produce ethnographies.

question

The earliest stone tools discovered to date, including the tools from Gona River in the Afar, Ethiopia, are dated at:

answer

2.5 mya.

question

The honing canine in both humans and our ancestors:

answer

disappeared after hominids began to make and use tools for food processing.

question

In 1962, Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize for their 1953 discovery that the structure of the DNA molecule was:

answer

a double helix.

question

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment:

answer

applies to genes on different chromosomes.

question

Matt Cartmill proposed the ____________ hypothesis, which says that catching small prey using special visual and motor skills was instrumental in primate evolution.

answer

visual predation

question

Brain enlargement in the genus Homo coupled with a reduction of chewing muscles is correlated with a growing reliance on tools.

answer

True

question

The Zhoukoudian fossils belonged to the species Homo habilis.

answer

False

question

Homo habilis used Acheulian hand axes.

answer

False

question

Homo erectus had longer legs than those of earlier hominids.

answer

True

question

Eugène Dubois found fossils of this species in Southeast Asia:

answer

Homo erectus.

question

Eugène Dubois was unique among major evolutionists in the nineteenth century in that he sought to test hypotheses about early human ancestors with:

answer

fossil evidence.

question

Modern human traits including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture first show up in:

answer

Homo habilis.

question

Relative to Australopithecines, Homo habilis is characterized by:

answer

a smaller face. a bigger brain. a rounder and larger skull. All of the above.

question

Relative to earlier hominids, Homo erectus is marked by:

answer

a large increase in body size.

question

The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominids there:

answer

processed and consumed animals and other hominids.

question

Increased body size in Homo erectus relative to earlier hominids is most likely related to:

answer

increased protein in the diet.

question

The Acheulian complex:

answer

emerged around 1.5 mya.

question

Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulian stone tools:

answer

required more learning and skill to produce.

question

Homo erectus's cranial capacity:

answer

ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc.

question

According to the text, the first hominid to migrate out of Africa was:

answer

Homo erectus.

question

Homo habilis differs from earlier australopithecines because:

answer

it had a larger brain.

question

H. erectus' change in limb proportions, to a body with short arms and long legs, indicates:

answer

fully modern bipedal locomotion.

question

H. erectus was originally known as:

answer

Java man Peking man Pithecanthropus erectus All of the above

question

Fossils of H. erectus have been found at which of these sites in Ethiopia:

answer

Bodo Buia Bouri All of the above

question

The first hominid species to disperse from Africa, where it originated, was:

answer

H. erectus

question

Evidence of fire use at Zhoukoudian included:

answer

burned plants charcoal burned animal bones All of the above

question

The reduction in the size of H. erectus' teeth was likely the result of the use of fire and tools.

answer

True

question

Australopithecines and early Homo lived at the same time in Africa.

answer

True

question

Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis probably represent the same species because they have similar body types.

answer

True

question

H. erectus expanded from Africa to Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America.

answer

False

question

H. erectus evolved and, after leaving Africa, experienced a long period of stasis without any significant amount of evolution within the species.

answer

False

question

It is possible that australopithecines went extinct and Homo flourished because of:

answer

habitat changes

question

If a fully-clothed Nariokotome boy were walking down the streets of New York City, what feature would indicate that he was not a modern human?

answer

His large teeth. His height. The way he walked. None of the above.

question

The main reason that H. erectus increased in stature and body size over H. habilis is:

answer

access to animal protein

question

__________ H. erectus were more robust than ___________ H. erectus.

answer

African / Asian

question

Evidence of tool use in H. habilis includes:

answer

muscle markers on the hand bones stone tools present in fossil sites expanding brain size All of the above

question

The rapid spread of H. erectus out of Africa can be attributed in part to:

answer

material culture and tool use

question

This early researcher's scientific approach to the origin of humans, searching for fossils to test his hypothesis rather than comparative animal anatomy, helped create the discipline of paleoanthropology.

answer

Dubois

question

A H. erectus specimen from Turkey dating to about 500,000 yBP demonstrates the first evidence of _______________.

answer

tuberculosis

question

H. erectus' brain increased about ________ compared to H. habilis.

answer

30%

question

The earliest hominids had very large canine teeth, similar to a male chimpanzee's.

answer

False

question

Direct radiometric dating of volcanic rocks provides very accurate ages for many East African Rift Valley hominid sites.

answer

True

question

Bipedal locomotion preceded the appearance of large brains during the course of hominid evolution.

answer

True

question

The fossils from Piltdown, England, represent some of the most important evidence for the evolution of early humans in Europe.

answer

False

question

The oldest recognizable artifacts are simple stone tools dating to about 2.6 mya and are referred to as the Oldowan Complex.

answer

True

question

The fossil nicknamed "Lucy" is a member of which species?

answer

Australopithecus afarensis

question

The ravine in northern Tanzania where many early hominid fossils have been recovered, often referred to as the "cradle of humankind," is:

answer

Olduvai Gorge.

question

Each of the following traits is found in a bipedal hominid EXCEPT:

answer

a foramen magnum far back on the skull.

question

At which site would you be most likely to find fossil remains of Australopithecus africanus?

answer

Sterkfontein, South Africa

question

Among living nonhuman primates, which is Homo sapiens' closest relative?

answer

chimpanzee

question

The Laetoli site, in Tanzania, is most famous for:

answer

preserving fossil hominid footprints.

question

The australopithecine lineage went extinct about:

answer

1 mya.

question

Some australopithecines are referred to as "robust" because:

answer

they possessed very large molar teeth and chewing muscles.

question

The hyoid bone of the juvenile Australopithecus afarensis fossil suggests that this species probably couldn't:

answer

speak like a modern human.

question

The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than:

answer

4 mya.

question

Humans differ from apes because:

answer

humans use language.

question

The Oldowan tool complex is attributed to __________________, making that hominid species the first to use tools.

answer

A. garhi

question

This picture (click here) shows the skeleton of the most famous A. afarensis individual, nicknamed:

answer

Lucy

question

The _____________ fossil, mistakenly thought of as the missing link between humans and apes, had a large cranial capacity but ape-like dentition.

answer

Piltdown

question

Bipedalism is the main characteristic that distinguishes humans from apes.

answer

True

question

Hominids have a diastema between their incisors and canines.

answer

False

question

Bipedalism's advantages over quadrupedalism include:

answer

increased ability to see greater distances. ability to run long distances. free hands for tool use. All of the above

question

Bipedalism has disadvantages to quadrupedalism, including:

answer

development of arthritis and back injuries.

question

Speech and material culture preceded bipedal locomotion in the evolution of hominids.

answer

False

question

The _____________ hypothesis about hominid bipedalism states that energy-efficient walking on two legs arose so that hominids could search for food that was dispersed as a result of climatic changes at the end of the Miocene.

answer

Patchy Forest

question

The genus Australopithecine includes hominids that lived about:

answer

4-1 mya

question

Apes use their teeth to crush food more than humans do.

answer

False

question

The _____________ hypothesis proposed by Owen Lovejoy states that the advantages of males carrying food and bringing it to females and young could have contributed to the rise of bipedalism.

answer

Provisioning

question

Robust australopithecine species include:

answer

A. aethiopicus

question

The oldest australopithecine species is:

answer

A. anamensis

question

Kamoya Kimeu, a Kenyan whose Hominid Gang has found numerous fossil remains, worked primarily with:

answer

Richard Leakey

question

Robust australopithecines differ from earlier australopithecines in their:

answer

smaller front teeth larger faces larger back teeth All of the above

question

Varicose veins are a consequence of bipedal posture.

answer

True

question

______________ branched off around 3.5 mya and gave rise to at least two branches of hominids: later australopithecines and the genus Homo.

answer

A. afarensis

question

The oldest pre-australopithecine, or a fossil link between late Miocene apes and australopithecines, found to date is:

answer

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

question

The best-known australopithecine, represented by hundreds of fossils and dozens of individuals, is ________________ found mostly at Laetoli and Hadar.

answer

A. afarensis

question

The first primate fossil ever recorded was of Adapis parisiensis, described by Georges Cuvier in France in 1822.

answer

True

question

It is now a desert, but 30 mya the Fayum region of Egypt was a wet tropical forest.

answer

True

question

Fossil and living apes exhibit a distinctive Y-5 pattern on the chewing surfaces of their molar teeth.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is not a typical primate trait?

answer

sideways-facing eyes

question

Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?

answer

orangutan

question

During the Miocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, there was an adaptive radiation of which kind of primate?

answer

apes

question

Apes went extinct in southern Europe (e.g., France, Spain, Italy, Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as the result of:

answer

climate change.

question

A fossil primate with legs and arms of about equal length would most likely have gotten around using which form of locomotion?

answer

quadrupedalism

question

Which of the following is not one of the main hypotheses to explain primate origins?

answer

aquatic ape hypothesis

question

High, shearing crests on the molar teeth of a fossil primate suggests that it probably ate mostly:

answer

leaves.

question

Which fossil group is characterized by an eye orbit fully enclosed by bone?

answer

anthropoids

question

The space between the canine and the first premolar in the lower jaw of some primates is a(n):

answer

diastema

question

Fossil primates have NOT been recovered from which continent?

answer

Australia

question

Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species?

answer

large eye orbits

question

Both colobines and cercopithecines appear in the late Miocene fossil record, representing the two subfamilies of living:

answer

Old World monkeys.

question

Homo habilis differs from earlier australopithecines because:

answer

it had a larger brain.

question

Taxonomy

answer

A classification of life forms.

question

Taxonomy

answer

Classification of past & living life forms; reflects evolutionary relationships

question

Punctuated equilibrium

answer

Theory that species persist for long periods & then undergo rapid spurts of evolutionary change

question

Which of the following are traits that are used to define hominid?

answer

Bipedalism

question

Study of ancient hominids and humans

answer

Paleoanthropology

question

Rudolph Virchow was the first to recognize that remains from the Neander Valley in Germany were not those of a modern human.

answer

False

question

Neandertals were well-adapted to cold, owing to body changes such as:

answer

large, wide noses short, wide bodies short limbs All of the above

question

Evidence that ancient hominids practiced cannibalism comes from:

answer

Gran Dolina, Spain Krapina, Croatia Moula-Guercy, France All of the above

question

Until 50,000 years ago, humans only lived on three of the six inhabitable continents.

answer

True

question

The "Hobbit" skeleton found on the Indonesian island of Flores has been interpreted as:

answer

a new species based on the morphology of the wrist bones

question

Neandertals differed from archaic H. sapiens in their:

answer

inability to speak careless treatment of the dead small cranial capacity None of the above

question

Modern humans migrated into North America around:

answer

15,000 yBP

question

Neandertals are genetically similar to modern humans based on mtDNA.

answer

False

question

The Out-of-Africa model of modern human origins states that:

answer

Modern humans spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

question

One of the tools of modern humans in the Americas was the:

answer

Folsom fluted point

question

The Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans states that:

answer

Gene flow is the key to evolution, turning archaic H. sapiens into modern humans in various parts of the world.

question

Neandertal remains from Shanidar cave in northern Iraq provide the first evidence of:

answer

care for the injured

question

Fossils found in a cave at Gran Dolina, Spain, show evidence of:

answer

cannibalism

question

The earliest modern humans in Australia, dating to 40,000 yBP, were found at:

answer

Lake Mungo

question

Modern humans likely migrated to the Americas via:

answer

walking across the Bering land bridge

question

The Assimilation model of the origin of modern humans states that:

answer

modern humans evolved in Africa and spread to Europe and Asia, where they interbred with Neanderthals.

question

Modern H. sapiens differ from the archaic form in having:

answer

a high, vertical forehead a mental eminence no occipital bun all of the above

question

Early modern humans moved into North and South America because of:

answer

population increase competition for food climate change All of the above

question

Neanderthals evolved large, wide noses to deal with breathing in cold air.

answer

True

question

The oldest ritually cremated human was found in Africa.

answer

False

question

Archaic Homo sapiens are the first hominids to have expanded beyond Africa into other parts of the Old World.

answer

False

question

Archaic Homo sapiens display several primitive features found in geologically older hominids (e.g., Homo erectus).

answer

True

question

Some Neanderthal skulls have cranial capacities that are larger than those of the average modern human.

answer

True

question

Stress markers in the teeth that reflect growth disruption due to poor diets or to poor health are called dental hypoplasias.

answer

True

question

In terms of mtDNA, Neandertals differ more from modern humans than any one modern group differs from any other.

answer

True

question

The first nonmodern human fossil to be discovered, and recognized as such, was the:

answer

Neandertal skull from Germany.

question

Fossil remains of archaic Homo sapiens:

answer

show a mixture of Homo erectus and H. sapiens traits.

question

The Neandertals are last recorded in the fossil record about:

answer

30,000 yBP.

question

Analyses of modern human genetic variation suggest that Homo sapiens evolved approximately:

answer

200,000 yBP.

question

Anatomically modern humans are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

average cranial capacity of 750 cc.

question

According to the Out-of-Africa model, the transition from archaic to modern Homo sapiens:

answer

occurred only once, in Africa.

question

All the following traits suggest cold adaptation for Neandertals EXCEPT:

answer

a narrow nasal aperture.

question

The middle Pleistocene archaic Homo sapiens is credited with inventing:

answer

prepared core "points" that may have been hafted to spear shafts.

question

The archaeological period in Europe starting about 35,000 yBP, marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art, is called the:

answer

Upper Paleolithic period.

question

Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools, usually associated with Neanderthals, are called the:

answer

Mousterian.

question

The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neanderthals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?

answer

the hyoid

question

Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximately:

answer

15,000 yBP.

question

The hominid skeleton (LB1) recovered from the Indonesian island of Flores:

answer

has a very small brain, less than 400 cc. lived there about 18,000 yBP. stood about three feet tall in life. All of the above.

question

Shovel-shaped incisors are one of the most distinctive features of people from:

answer

east Asia and the Americas.

question

The distinctive fluted spear points used by early Native Americans (Paleoindians) to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals are:

answer

Folsom points.

question

Which of the following is a stone tool industry characterized by bifacially flaked tools and dated to the Lower and Middle Pleistocene? These are usually associated with Homo erectus.

answer

Acheulian

question

The Nariokotome Homo erectus

answer

would have had an adult height of around 6 feet.

question

Homo erectus differs most from modern humans in

answer

the cranium.

question

The basic, all purpose stone tool of Homo erectus was the

answer

hand ax.

question

A dental trait seen in several Homo erectus fossils is

answer

shovel-shaped incisors.

question

The site that reveals the most information about Homo erectus lifestyle is

answer

Zhoukoudian.

question

The grouping of organisms into categories such as orders or families is

answer

classification.

question

Taxonomic classification

answer

reflects evolutionary relationships.

question

The theory that species persist for long periods and then undergo rapid spurts of evolutionary change is known as

answer

punctuated equilibrium.

question

The living African large-bodied hominoids include

answer

chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans.

question

Paleoanthropology is

answer

the study of ancient hominids and humans.

question

The earliest stone artifacts are approximately __________ years old.

answer

2.5 million

question

Which of the following hominid sites has yielded the most information regarding behavior of early hominids?

answer

Olduvai Gorge

question

Artifacts

answer

are very informative regarding hominid behavior.

question

The earliest hominid tools (that we have evidence for) are made of

answer

stone.

question

Volcanic activity

answer

can provide excellent preservation of bone and artifacts.

question

Dating techniques that indicate only that something is older or more recent than something else

answer

are relative techniques.

question

A dating technique based upon the principle that older geological deposits are beneath more recent deposits is

answer

stratigraphic dating.

question

Which of the following is an advantage of bipedal locomotion over quadrupedal locomotion?

answer

Bipedalism frees the hands for carrying objects.

question

All the East African Plio-Pleistocene hominid fossil sites are located in the vicinity of what major geological feature?

answer

Rift Valley

question

Hominid footprints preserved in a volcanic deposit approximately 3.5 million years old were found at

answer

Laetoli

question

The "Lucy" skeleton was discovered at

answer

Hadar.

question

A diagram or family tree that shows ancestor-descendant relationships between species is a(n)

answer

phylogeny.

question

Compared to Australopithecus, early Homo is characterized by

answer

B and C only B) smaller teeth. C) a larger brain.

question

The original genus name assigned to Homo erectus from Java was

answer

Pithecanthropus.

question

Which was the first hominid species to expand out of Africa?

answer

Homo erectus.

question

The Pleistocene epoch began ________ million years ago.

answer

1.8

question

The average cranial capacity of H. erectus is

answer

approximately 1000 cubic centimeters.

question

Who made the first discovery of Homo erectus fossil remains?

answer

Eugene Dubois

question

Fossil remains of perhaps 40 Homo erectus individuals and thousands of artifacts have been found at

answer

Zhoukoudian.

question

Definite Homo erectus remains have been found in

answer

China

question

The hyoid bone of the juvenile Australopithecus afarensis fossil suggests that this species probably couldn't:

answer

speak like a modern human.

question

Modern human evolution has been marked by a(n) ______________ in the size of the face and jaw and a(n) ______________ in cultural complexity.

answer

decrease / increase

question

Iron-deficiency anemia can result from:

answer

dietary stress parasites both a. and b.

question

Diseases that continue to plague modern humans because of overcrowding include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

cavities

question

The treponematoses are a category of disease that include:

answer

syphilis

question

You find a cache of skeletons from an agricultural site in the U.S. What would you expect to see in the cross-section of the femur?

answer

I would want to know more about the geographic location of the site, because different kinds of food production can lead to either an increase or a decrease in the size.

question

Agricultural diffusion occurred when farmers moved from a primary center to other areas, bringing plants with them.

answer

False

question

Domesticated C3 plants include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

corn

question

Plant domestication started in Africa and spread throughout the world.

answer

False

question

The shift from foraging to farming is associated with the time period called the:

answer

Neolithic

question

One of the advantages of the invention of agriculture for human adaptation is:

answer

the ability to feed a larger number of people.

question

Which of these locations is most likely to have people suffering from a variety of infectious diseases?

answer

closely-packed slums

question

Modern humans have misaligned teeth because of:

answer

the development of agriculture the invention of pottery a change in muscle and bone in the jaw All of the above

question

The shift from gathering food to producing food is one of the most important events in human evolution.

answer

True

question

Humans likely developed agriculture as a response to increasing population pressure.

answer

True

question

Compared to hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists have higher rates of:

answer

periosteal reactions enamel hypoplasias dental caries All of the above

question

The development of agriculture has brought only advantages to the human population.

answer

False

question

An increase in dental caries in North America came about because of the increase in consumption of ____________.

answer

corn

question

One of the disadvantages of the invention of agriculture for human adaptation is:

answer

an increase in inter-personal violence.

question

Plant domestication brought with it the invention of:

answer

alcohol

question

With all the disadvantages to farming, why did humans continue to do so?

answer

It allowed women to bear more children.

question

The idea that cranial shape can change within a human population as a result of dietary change is referred to as the:

answer

masticatory-functional hypothesis.

question

Osteoarthritis is a skeletal disorder most easily seen on:

answer

joint surfaces.

question

Which of the following is not associated with the initial transition from foraging to agriculture?

answer

lower incidence of dental caries (cavities)

question

Based on the archaeological record from various areas, what was the initial effect on height of the agriculture's adoption?

answer

Height decreased.

question

The great human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to:

answer

decreased birth spacing.

question

Dental caries increased in some areas where agriculture began, due to an increase in the consumption of:

answer

starchy carbohydrates.

question

Scientists who study plant remains in the archaeological record are:

answer

paleoethnobotanists.

question

All of the following are advantages of agriculture over foraging EXCEPT:

answer

agriculture has led to increased diversity in food.

question

How many separate centers of domestication exist, according to archaeologists?

answer

11

question

Çatalhöyük is an important Neolithic site located in:

answer

southwest Asia.

question

What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record?

answer

Violence increased.

question

One of the most important technological innovations that appeared at about the same time as agriculture was:

answer

ceramics.

question

Modern humans have existed for over 100,000 years, but only over the last 10,000 years has Earth's population grown three orders of magnitude, from a few million people to over six billion today.

answer

True

question

The archeological period between the end of the Upper Paleolithic but prior to the domestication of plants and animals is called the Mesolithic.

answer

True

question

In the late 1960s, Lee and DeVore argued that South African food-foraging people actually had more leisure time than early farmers.

answer

True

question

Greater reduction in jaw size relative to tooth size during the Holocene has led to greater incidence of:

answer

dental crowding.

question

The region of the Levant that contains more than fifty archaeological sites documenting the development of early farming villages in the Middle East is called:

answer

the Fertile Crescent.

question

Regarding the Neolithic, which of the following is TRUE?

answer

It is characterized by small, settled villages where the domestication of plants and/or animals took place.

question

Biochemist Richard Marlar provided definitive evidence for cannibalism in Cowboy Wash, Colorado, with the discovery of:

answer

human muscle protein in human coprolites (fossil feces).

question

Archaeological evidence showing a shift from long and narrow skulls to short and wide skulls, as a result of a change in diet linked to domestication, has been found in:

answer

Nubia.

question

The United Nations has called the phenomenon of thousands of people being killed by infection and disease from overcrowded conditions a "silent tsunami."

answer

True

question

The trend among American males in the past 150 years is for an increase in height as a result of ______________ and an increase in weight as a result of ______________.

answer

nutrition / overnourishment

question

Scientists predict that climate change will cause:

answer

the sea level to rise over peninsula Florida

question

What is contributing to the increasing trend in allergies in the U.S.?

answer

poor diet antibiotics pollution All of the above

question

All adults over the age of 40 experience ________________, or age-related bone loss.

answer

osteoporosis

question

The nutrition transition describes humans' change from a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet.

answer

False

question

Coal is a fossil fuel.

answer

True

question

Stable isotopes of oxygen can reveal information about:

answer

temperature change

question

Greenhouse gases include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

neon

question

Human developments have made possible all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

shorter life expectancy

question

More than __________ of the world's population lives in cities, and ___________ of these people live in overcrowded slums, leaving them vulnerable to the effects of a changing climate.

answer

half / one-quarter

question

Being obese predisposes a person to:

answer

diabetes

question

Global warming has been caused, at least in part, by humans.

answer

True

question

About ______________ of American adults and ____________ of American children are overweight or obese.

answer

two-thirds / one-fifth

question

Increasing human population density does not affect the biodiversity of other species.

answer

False

question

Global warming:

answer

is quite recent. is the result of trapped CO2 in the atmosphere. can trace the seeds of its origin back to the agricultural revolution. All of the above

question

The World Health Organization notes that human casualties of global warming will result from climate-sensitive health issues; these include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

lung cancer

question

Approximately what fraction of the world's population currently suffers from malnutrition?

answer

1/6

question

Mutation and selection for light skin, which is useful for absorbing UV rays and producing vitamin D in northern latitudes, likely occurred:

answer

in the last 10,000 yBP

question

Our environment is affected by:

answer

an increasing population development of new technology climate change All of the above

question

Allergic reactions to food are a signal that the body is responding to something perceived as a foreign antigen.

answer

True

question

There is no evidence that natural selection continues to play a role in our biology.

answer

False

question

The burning of coal is one of the main contributing factors to global warming.

answer

True

question

Reduction of biodiversity:

answer

reduces our ability to produce food.

question

Anthropogenic forces that contribute to greenhouse gases include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

movements of the continental plates.

question

What percentage of the world's population currently lives in cities?

answer

50%

question

Life expectancy in the United States has:

answer

increased since 1900, due largely to improvements in medicine and in sanitation.

question

Hip fractures in older adults are:

answer

more common in modern societies than in previous ones. related to increased longevity. related to reduced activity levels in industrialized societies. All of the above.

question

Industrialization is associated with:

answer

increase in environmental pollutants.

question

Of the 6.6 billion people in the world today, _____ suffer from malnutrition.

answer

one billion.

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