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anthropology

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the study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another.

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural; using one's own culture to evaluate and judge the practices and ideals of others. In terms of deficiency and inferiority. Leads to biases that holds one group as superior over the other.

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ethnographic fieldwork

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a primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives

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four-field approach

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the use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity: physical anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology, and cultural anthropology

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holism

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the anthropological commitment to consider the full scope of human life, including culture, biology, history and language across space and time

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physical anthropology

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the study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly focused on human evolution and adaption to their environments. to show everyone is from the same species; race is not natural- humans made it.

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paleoanthropology

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the study of the history of human evolution though fossil record. Excavate the teeth, skulls and other bones of our human ancestors and analyze them to track changes in human physical form over time. Humans arrived in Africa less than 200,000 years ago.

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primatology

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the study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior. (Jane Goodall)

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archaeology

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the investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts. Goal is to recover buried treasure to better understand past human life. things left behind. 'time machines'

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prehistoric archeology

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the reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records) through the examination of artifacts. buildings, garbage pits, ancient societies, grave sites

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historic archeology

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the exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written oral records. Work to disprove myths and complement. Jamestown, Virginia: eat dead people.

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linguistic anthropology

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the study of human language in the past and the present. this is inseparable of culture. spoken, gesture, expressive language, etc.

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descriptive linguists

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those who analyze languages and their component parts. They work to carefully describe spoken languages and preserve them as written languages

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historic linguists

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those who study how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures. Study roots of contemporary language or no longer spoken. Jane Hill and multiple words for corn- technology was widespread.

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sociolinguists

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those who study language in its social and cultural contexts. They examine how different speakers use language in different situations or with different people. They explore how language is affected by facts such as race, gender, age and class. How we express and create identity: Mary Bucholtz- how students rank. Example: N-word

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cultural anthropolgy

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the study of people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work and play together. Examine how local communities interact with global forces

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participant observation

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a key anthropological research strategy involving both participant in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied. linguistic and cultural anthropologists use this.

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ethnology

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the analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures. See more general patterns of human behavior and to explore how local experiences intersect with global dynamics

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globalization

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the worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods and ideas within and across national borders

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time-space compression

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the rapid innovation communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about time and space. Jet travel, supertankers, superhighways, high-speed railways, telephones, fax machines, computers and internet, cellphones each change our sense of how long it takes to do something and who far away someplace or someone is. Life moves faster and distances seem shorter.

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flexible accumulation

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the increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an ear of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies. Move production facilities and activities around the world in search of chapter labor, lower taxes and fewer environmental regulations. "off-shoring" "out-sourcing"

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increasing migration

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the accelerated movement of people within and between countries

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uneven development

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the unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization. Negative thing from globalization- creating poverty and migration.

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rapid change

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the dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture characteristic of contemporary globalization.

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climate change

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changes to Earth's climate, including global warming produced primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by human activity such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Human activity create climate change.

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culture

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a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, and shared by a group of people. Culture includes shared norms, values, symbols, mental maps of reality, and material objects as well as structures of power- including the media, education, religion, and politics- in which our understanding of the world is shaped, reinforced, and challenged. culture that we learn shapes our ideas of what is normal and natural.

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enculturation

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the process of learning culture. Through out your life this occurs. Through formal instruction and informal, unconscious. All humans are equally capable of learning culture.

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norms

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ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people. Most are assumed and not written down. For example, who you can marry. exogamy- marriage outside one's group vs endogamy- marriage withins one's group. People do challenge norms.

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values

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fundamental beliefs about what is important, true or beautiful, and what makes a good life. As with all elements of culture, cultural values are not fixed. They can be debated and contested. Values are powerful tools for clarifying goals.

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symbol

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anything that signifies something else. Symbols are not universal, but within their particular cultural context they convey certain meanings. People shake hands, wave, give thumbs up, give someone the middle finger. Symbols change in meaning over time and from culture to culture. Example: spatial comfort zones on elevators.

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mental maps of reality

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cultural classifications of what kinds of people and things exist, an the assignment of meaning to those classifications. Shaped through enculturation, but they are not fixed. Like other culture elements, they can be challenged and redrawn. 1. they classify reality. 2. assign meaning to what has been classified.

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unilineal cultural evolution

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the theory proposed by nineteenth- century anthropologists that all cultures naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages form simple to complex. they set about plotting culture a long a continuum from most simple to most complex, using the terms savage, barbarian, and civilized. Edward Burnett Tylor, James Frazer and Lewis Henry Morgan.

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historical particularism

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the idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories. Franz Boas- he rejected unilineal cultural evolution, its generalizations and its comparative method. He claimed that cultures arise from different causes, not uniform process. Boas used the idea of diffusion- the borrowing of curtail traits and patterns from other cultures to explain apparent similarities. Believed culture shaped human life.

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structural functionalism

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a conceptual framework posting that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium. Bronislaw Maliowski and E.E. Evans- Pritchard

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interpretivist approach

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a conceptual framework that sees culture primarily as a symbolic system of deep meaning. Clifford Geertz. Example: winking carries meaning.

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Thick description

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a research strategy that combines detailed description of cultural activity with an analysis of the layers of deep cultural meaning in which those activities are embedded. Cock fighting in Bali- prestige, power and resources.

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power

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the ability or potential to bring about change though action or influence. Power is embedded in many kins of social relations, from interpersonal relations, to institutions, to structural frameworks of whole societies. Eric Wolf urged to see power as an aspect of all human relationships. teacher/student. The balance of power is not fixed; it fluctuates over time.

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stratification

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the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture. Power may be stratified along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality or legal status.

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hegemony

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the ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force to act in "normal" ways. Media, school, and religion shape this. Example: bill boards.

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agency

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the potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power. People debate, negotiate, contest, and enforce what is considered normal, what people can say, do and even think.

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cosmopolitanism

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a global outlook emerging in response to increasing globalization. this term is used to describe sophisticated urban professionals who travel and feel at home in different parts of the world.

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ethnographic fieldwork

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a primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives.

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salvage ethnography

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fieldwork strategy developed by Franz Boas to rapidly collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological information about U.S. Native populations being devastated by westward expansion. to determine information about cultural beliefs and practices- from religious rituals to family patterns, form gender roles to political structures. Built off of historical particularism.

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cultural relativism

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understanding a group's beliefs and practices within their own culture context, without making judgements. (boas) this is a basic fieldwork perspective and rejection of ethnocentrism. Anthropologists see people as "interconnected" not "exotic." Boas established american anthropology as a holistic discipline.

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participant observation

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a key anthropological research strategy involving both participant in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied. corner stone of fieldwork. guards against mistaken assumptions from a distance. E.E. Evans-pritchard does so but forgets to consider the historical context and larger social world of the Sudanese tribe.

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reflexivity

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a critical self- examination of the role the anthropologist plays and an awareness that one's identity affects one's fieldwork and theoretical analyses. annette weiner went back to the Trobriand islands after Malinowski to discover the substantial women's role.

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literature review

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the process of reading all the available published material about a research site and / or research issues, usually done before fieldwork begins. Language is important to learn and allows them to participate in everyday life without an interpreter

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anthropologist's toolkit

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the tools needed to conduct fieldwork, including a notebook, pen, camera, voice recorder, and dictionary.

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quantitative data

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statistical information about a comment that can be measured and compared, including details of population demographics and economic activity.

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qualitative data

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descriptive data drawn from non statistical sources, including participant observation, personal stories, interviews and life histories

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rapport

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the relationship of trust and familiarity developed with members of the community being studied. developed through participant observation. Moves from being an outsider to being an insider.

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key informant

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a community member who advises the anthropology on community issues, provides feedback, and warns against cultural miscues. Also called "cultural consultant."

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interview

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a research strategy of gathering data through formal or informal conversation with informants.

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life history

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a form of interview that tracks the biography of a person over time, examining changes and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community.

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surveys

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an information-gathering tool for quantitative data analysis

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kinship analysis

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a traditional strategy of examining genealogies to uncover the relationships built upon structures such as marriage and family ties. explores the interlocking relationships of power built on family and marriage.

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social network analysis

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a method for examining relationships in a community, often conducted by identifying who people turn to in times of need.

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field notes

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the anthropologist's written observation and reflections on places, practices, events and interviews. May include how it feels physically and emotionally

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mapping

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the analysis of the physical and / or geographic space where fieldwork is being conducted. a spatial awareness of where people live, work, worship, play and eat and the space through which they move. culture shapes the way space is constructed and used.

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built environment

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the intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure and public spaces. this may shed light on key dynamics of power and influence in a community- population growth. Online tools such as satellite (GIS) may aid.

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zeros

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elements of a story or a picture that are not told or seen and yet offer key insights into issues that might be too sensitive to discuss or display publicly. are the elements of a story or a picture that are not told or seen, key details omitted from the conversation.

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mutual transformation

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the potential for both the anthropologist and the members of the community being studied to be transformed by the interactions of fieldwork. openness to the possibility is a essential.

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emic

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involving an approach to gathering data that investigates how local people think and how they understand the world. Local community on its own terms.

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etic

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involving description of local behavior an beliefs from the anthropologists perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures. anthropologist's perspective as an outsider.

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ethnology

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the analysis and comparison activities, trends and patterns of power of ethnographic data across cultures. this process enables us to better see what is unique in a particular community and how it contributes to identifying larger patterns of cultural beliefs and practices. (Human Relations Area Files at yale)

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polyvocality

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the practice of using many different voices in ethnographic writing and research question development, allowing the reader to hear more directly form he people in the study. Invite key informants to help design the research- interview an survey questions.

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informed consent

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a key strategy for protecting those being studied by ensuring that they are fully informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate. they have to right to refuse to participate.

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anonymity

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protection of the identities of the people involved in a study by changing or omitting their names or other identifying characteristics.

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language

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a system of communication organized by rules that uses symbols such as words, sounds, and gestures to convey information

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productivity

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the linguistic ability to use known words to invent new word combinations

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displacement

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the ability to use words to refer to objects not immediately present or events occurring in the past or future.

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descriptive linguistics

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the study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language and their combination into forms that communicate meaning

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phonemes

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the smallest units of sound that can make a difference in meaning. big vs. pig. (b and p) these have no meaning on their own.

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phonology

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the study of what sounds exist and which ones are important for a particular language

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morphemes

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the smallest units of sound that carry meaning one their own (cow vs horse)

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morphology

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the study of patterns and rules of who sounds combine to make morphemes

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syntax

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the specific patterns and rules for constructing phrases and sentences. pig my vs. my pig- although this might be linguistically appropriate in a different language

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grammer

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the combined set of observations about the rules governing the formation of morphemes and syntax that guide language use.

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kinesics

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the study of the relationship between body movements and communication. Explores facial expressions, gestures and postures that convey messages with or without words.

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paralanguage

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an extensive set of noises ( such as cries, laughs, sighs, yells) and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker. shows emotions.

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sapir- whorf hypothesis

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the idea that different languages create differ ways of thinking. proposed that languages establish certain mental categories, or classifications of reality that shapes people's ways of perceiving the world. Hopi people have one tense for past and present --> reflects a different conceptualization of time and a unique worldview in which past and present reflect lived reality.

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lexicon

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all the words for names, ideas, and events that make up a language's dictionary.

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focal vocabulary

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the words and terminology that develop with particular sophistication to describe the unique cultural realties experienced by a group of people. (specific to topic)

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sociolingustics

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the study of the ways culture shapes language and language shapes culture, particularly the intersection of language wit cultural categories and systems of power such as race, gender, class and age. the n word.- power.

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dialect

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a nonstandard variation of a language

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prestige language

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a particular way of speaking, or language variation, that is associated with wealth, success, education and power.

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code- switching

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switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context. example: how you talk to your friends vs professor.

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historical linguistics

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the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations. Can identify their origins. example: we know that spanish and french developed through their parent language, latin.

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language loss

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the extinction of language that have very few speaks.

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gender studies

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research into masculinity and femininity as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories. one of the most significant subfields of anthropology. look at ways in which gender is constructed as a central element in every aspect of human culture, including sexuality, health, family, religion, economics, politics, sports, and individual identify formation.

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sex

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the observable physical differences between male and female; especially biological difference related to human reproduction

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gender

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the expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes

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sexual dimorphism

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the phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. primary and secondary characteristics- breast size, hair distribution, pitch of voice, etc.

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cultural construction of gender

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the ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context. family, friends, the media, doctors, educational institutions, religious communities, sports and law all enculture us wit a sense of fender that become normative and seems natural. this is powerful and is an invisible framework that shapes the way we see ourselves and others.

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gender performance

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the way gender identity is expressed through action. Anthropologists increasingly see gender as a continuum of behaviors that range between masculine and feminine.

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intersexual

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an individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/ or chromosomes. half and half (ovary and teste) or primarily one over the other

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transgender

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a gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one's assigned sex at birth.

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gender stratification

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an unequal distribution of power and access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender

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gender stereotype

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widely held and powerful preconceived notion about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in culture. Men are aggressive and women are nurturing.

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gender ideology

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a set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character, capabilities and value of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

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sexuality

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the complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural areas within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural

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heterosexuality

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attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the opposite sex

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homosexuality

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attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex

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bisexuality

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attraction to and sexual relations with members of both sexes

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asexuality

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a lack of erotic attraction to others

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sexual violence

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violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape

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kinship

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the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to home and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities. Kinship networks provide support and nurture, ensure reproduction of the next generation, protect group assets, and influence social, economic and political systems.

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nuclear family

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the kinship unit of mother, father and children.

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descent group

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a kinship group in which primary relations are traced through consanguineous "blood" relatives. long chains of connections from parents to children that read back through many generations to a common ancestor or group of ancestors. May be matrilineal or patrilineal. ambilineal too.

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lineage

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a type of descent group that traces genealogical connection though generations by linking persons to a found ancestor

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clan

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a type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation

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affinal relationship

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a kinship relationship established through marriage and/ or alliance, not through biology or common descent

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marriage

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a socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

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arranged marriage

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marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties

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companionate marriage

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marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation.

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polygyny

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marriage between one man and two or more women

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polyandry

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marriage between one woman and two or more men.

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monogamy

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a relationship between only two partners

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incest taboo

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cultural rules that forbid sexual rations with certain close relatives

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bridewealth

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the gift of good or money from the groom's family to the bird's family as part of the marriage process. Common in many part of Africa, where it often involves the exchange of cattle, cash or other goods. means to compensate her family for the loss of the bride, agreements also establish reciprocal rights and obligations of the human and wife, give legitimacy to their children and passing the children to the husbands family.

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dowry

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the gift of goods or money forth bride's family to the groom's family as part of the marriage process. Common in India, a dory may be part of a woman's family inheritance that the woman anther new husband can use to establish their household. May be seen as compensation to a husband his family for taking on the responsibility of a wife, perhaps because of the low social status of women.

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family of orientation

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the family group in which one is born, grows up and develops life skills. leave and construct their own nuclear family.

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family of procreation

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the family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children.

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colonialism

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the conceptual roots of anthropology. European colonists encountered people who were radically different, this perception helped justify the colonial endeavor. Goals were not to learn about indigenous people rather it was to make profit and civilize people- christianity- Catholicism. Europeans saw themselves as superior- ethnocentrism.

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gender stratification

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unequal distribution of power and access to resources, opportunities, and rights based on gender. gender construct is changing, not fixed. gender is fluid but also fixed in the sense that it is separated.

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race

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a flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete categories. Flawed b/c not scientifically observable and used to justify social inequality. discrete b/c no scientifically accurate way of defining boundaries between groups. • Race is human-made • Physical attributes do not correspond to genetics, blood, or other presumed internal essences • Race/racism as we know it exists because of historical & political processes (colonialism) • Race/racism have been integral to the creation of the current global order • Racism is part of a collective, institutionalized

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racism

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individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, privilege, resources and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups

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genotype

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the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form. (genetic template)

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phenotype

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the way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors. how you look from genotype and environmental factors

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colonialism in terms of race

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the practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

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miscegenation

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a demeaning historical term for interracial marriage

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white supremacy

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the belief that whites are biologically different from and superior to people of other races

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whiteness

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a culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of U.S. racial stratification

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Jim Crow

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Laws implemented after the U.S. civil war to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the south, after the end of slavery

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hypodescent

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sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule"; the assignment of children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group •One drop of blood from a "lesser" race was enough to label a child as a member of that race •Children of a white + black American considered black •ODR maintained the institution of slavery, legally enforced "inferiority" •After Emancipation, ODR remained valid through Jim Crow laws •ODR ideology maintains white supremacy •ODR and Jim Crow laws institutionally/legally restrict African Americans as a labor force

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nativism

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the favoring of certain long-term inhabitants over new immigrants

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eugenics

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a pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring some races over others

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radicalization

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the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people

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institutional racism

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patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems. Public assest that give unfair treatment to different races (Structural Violence)

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racial ideology

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a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal

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intersectionality

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an analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification

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religion

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a set of beliefs based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often revealed through insights into a supernatural power and lived out in community. elements: belief, supernatural or sacred power, revelation, distinctive to a community, communally held beliefs, group acceptance of the revelations. matter of belief. sacred- divine and spiritual and profane- secular, everyday

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martyr

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a person who sacrifices hit or her life for the sake of religion. example is islam religion- Husain Tekri, a muslin saint shrine name in martyred grandson of the prophet Muhammad.

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saint

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an individual who is considered exceptionally close to God and is exalted after death

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sacred

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anything considered holy

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profane

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anything that is not considered holy

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ritual

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an act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging

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rite of passage

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a category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or for a group. life transition rituals marking moments of intense change, such as birth, coming of age, marriage and death

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liminality

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second stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant expereinces a period of outsider hood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community. the first stage is separation- physically, psychologically, or symbolically from the normal day to day life. and the final is reincorporation or reaggregation- return but transformed

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communitas

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a sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what constitutes a good life, and a commitment to take social action to move toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage. Victor Turner said that at the center of all human relationships there isa deep longing for shared meaning and concoction, not a desire for self-preservation or material gain.

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pilgrimage

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a religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment. Muslims perform the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. Jews travel to Jerusalem. Hindus travel to the holy city of Varanasi to bathe int eh Ganges river. deals with the same three steps of rites of passage. Turner- life is a process of becoming, not being.

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cultural materialism

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(marin harris) a theory that argues that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, including religious principles. example: eating meat in Hinduism is prohibited. the cow became a symbolic representation of ahimsa- practice of non-violence and respect for the unity of all life that is key to Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism

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shaman

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a part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings. called on at times to perform special rituals and ceremonies. they gain their powers through special training or experience, passing through a journey or test of spirit- illness, isolation, pain or emotional ordeal. they enter a trance though meditation, songs, dance, drugs, etc. implore deities and powers to take action or to provide special knowledge to assist individuals with healing, fortune telling, advice, personal guidance, protection from illness, and control over the weather. • part of traditional religious philosophy and practice in Siberia and inter Asia, Korea, even in Madison and Appleton o widespread

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magic

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the use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil. • Religion and magic formerly placed in separate categories by anthropologists; no longer the case • Magic is a technology for accessing spiritual power for pragmatic goals • In this way it resembles some forms of prayer • Love magic, fertility magic for people and plants, exchange magic, convincing magic, healing magic magic is a practical religion

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imitative magic

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a ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desired magical result

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contagious magic

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ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred form person to person. perhaps clothing, fingernails, teeth, hair.

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authorizing process

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the complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning

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interpretive approach on religion

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• Focus on key symbols - Clifford Geertz o What does the cross mean? • Religious, philosophical meaning • Interpretations of rituals- of inanition or pilgrimage (victor turner) • Focus on impacts of cultural contact and cultural changes on religious belief and practice

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animism

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• Living with spirits • The world's oldest form of religious philosophy • The landscape is alive, animate • Animals, plants, significant parts of the landscape (ie. A mountain peak or cliff) are alive • Certain persons are born with, or acquire through special circumstances (near death), powers to communicate with spirits o Not everyone has equal access to this sacred power

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totemism

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form of animism. An animal, plant or object that serves as an emblem of a particular clan or kin group, sharing ancestry or kinship with it. personified power- bear, tobacco plant, thunder. from Ojjbwe.

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monotheism

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belief in one god- Judaism, Christianity, Islam, catholicism, and protestantism. rely on prophecies and revelations.

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polytheism

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belief in multiple gods. Hinduism. each has different qualities, scared origin in stories or myths

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syncretism

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believing together- blend. • Mixtures, blending of religious belief that emerge with intercultural contacts, especially those force by conquest or colonialism. Syncretic beliefs often result from reconfiguring indigenous religions to accommodate a world religion introduced by colonialist or missionaries

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ethnicity

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a sens of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagine to be distinct rom those outside the group. An ethnic group often thought of as people who share: o A distinctive culture, national origin, language, race, religion o A presumed common genealogy or ancestry o Who identify with one and other o Who may be identified with one and another. • "a more expansive version of kinship" • if ethnicity is like kinship, then it is also constructed • ethnicity is a cultural construction, not based on nature/ biology • "people construct a sense of ethnicity as they organize themselves in relation to others whom they perceive as either culturally similar or culturally different" • ethnicity is a relation identity category o choosing who is or isn't like you • ethnicity (like other forms of identity) is learned, practiced, and taught.

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origin myth

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a story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity. They reinforce and structure ethnicity as a common sense of identity. They do not have to be fictive or religious (although they can be) they are key stories that define the structure of an ethnicity. they frame ethnic and nation identity- Mexico. based on aztec myth of the founding of Tenochtitlan. this story is repeated and taught in schools. Euro- American origin myth. Pilgrims land onPlymouth rock but they actually anchored in Cape cod.

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ethnic boundary marker

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a practice or beef, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is not

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genocide

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the deliberate and systematic destruction an ethnic or religious group.

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situational negotiation of identity

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an individual's self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location.

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ethnic cleansing

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efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area.

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melting pot

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a metaphor used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture. minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and eventually cease to exist as separate groups. (ASSIMILATION)

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multiculturalism

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a pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture.

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state

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an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory. • Max Weber (1919) defines 'state' as a centralized government that monopolizes the legitimate use of force within a certain territory • States are generally hierarchical and patriarchal • Some states rule through tradition (monarchies) or religious authority (Iran) • Think of a government - larger category

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Nation-state

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A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people. combines the politics of a state with the cultural/ ethnic implications of a nation. This is a modern phenomenon (19th C)- in the past they were multiethnic ruled by a king, emperor. People did not necessarily identify with the state. This is based on nationalism: • Nation- state model includes a unity based on common descent, common language, and shared culture • Nation-state requires allegiance above family, city, town, etc. • Institutions like schools key to creating It is maintained through domination- police, prison and hegemony- currency, language, national anthem, education standardization. It is an imagined communtity. • Benedict Anderson (1983) • Imagined: socially constructed, also because members do not all know each other, are not all alike • Print media (newspapers and books) and capitalism key o All have access to each other through print- a sense of unity • Create a sense of shared time/space (synchronicity) and unified market • NS emerges as older regimes lose credibility (divine monarchs, sacred languages like Latin) and new philosophies become popular (democracy, Protestantism)

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nation

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a term once used to describe a group of people who shared a place of origin- now used interchangeably with nation-state

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nationalism

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the desire of an ethnic community to create and or maintain a nation-state. a sense of pride in the nation; similar to ethnicity, but defined by the borders of the nation-state. national identity is constructed and performed, just as ethnic identity and gender identity.

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imagined community

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the invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never all meet.

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the world cup

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soccer (football) is among the most popular sports in the world. A spectacle of national identity in a globalized context. People play for or root for their nation • both brothers born/raised in Germany • Jerome- Germany • Kevin-Prince- dads country nationality is flexible- birth is not the only criterion also defined.

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band

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a small kinship- based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory

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tribe

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originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multi band population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leader living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state

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chiefdom

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an autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief. Permanent leadership position (chief) based on traditional authority, Stratification based on relationship to chief, Customary law, enforced by chief, Economy based on redistribution

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civil society organization

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a local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities (NGOs)

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militarization

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the contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence (BOPE): a higher class of police • 1978: founded in Rio to "clean" society during dictatorship • BOPE de-humanizes residents, treats favela bodies as disposable war casualties • Increase violence (do not prevent) • More "modern" due to technologically advanced weapons and vigorous training • Presents itself as morally & technically superior to conventional police • BOPE's self-presentation puts r esponsibility on undifferentiated criminals, not o society

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social movement

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collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality, and injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies. engage in politics, do not seek to overthrow the social order.. examples include civil rights, women's rights, the environment, gay rights, antiwar movements. flexible accumulation enhanced this.

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framing process

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the creation of share meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements. Occupy Wall street presented this- new patterns of protest that built on and resonated with more traditional forms.

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Politics

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• Politics is much broader than voting or government • Politics involves how power is distributed and used • Political power involves different forms of authority that differ depending on the organization • No form of political organization is more "natural" or "inevitable" than others

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class

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a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources. class = relationship to means of production, which is unequally distributed creating inequalities in wealth, income and statuses. closer you are to means of production the more wealth you have.

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egalitarian society

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a group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence. example is Batek people.

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reciprocity

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the exchange of resources, goods, and service among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties. there is also a negative side.

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ranked society

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a group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are. example is Pacific Northwest- Haida, Tlingit, Makah- organized via kinship(clans), ancestral linages to chiefs.

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redistribution

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a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected froth members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

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potlach

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elaborate redistribution ceremony prated among the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest

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bourgeoisie

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Marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production. Have more life chances

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means of production

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the factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land and financial capital needed to make thins. the "stuff" needed to make products to sell. owning MOP entails control over profit

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proletariat

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Marxist term for the class of labors who own only their own labor

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Max Weber prestige

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the reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups. helps naturalize class hierarchy; certain people "deserve" better/ worse treatment. Max considered power and prestige to economic stratification of wealth and income. Certain occupation may hold higher or lower prestige. affects life chances, way people are treated, access to power and wealth. Life chances was his term.

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social mobility

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the movement of one's class position, upward or downward in stratified societies

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social reproduction

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the phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next

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habitus

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Bourdieu's term to describe the self-perception and beliefs that develop as part of one's social identity and shape one's conceptions of the world and were one fits into it. it is taught and learned at an early age and is culturally reinforced through through family, education and the media. It is not fixed or predetermined, but is deeply enculturated that it becomes almost instinctive sense of ones potential. shapes people expectations and aspirations. for example- decisions to go to college or not is shape by habitus

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cultural capital

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knowledge, habits and tastes people learn from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to valuable resources in society. embodies- through enculturation (includes habitus), objectified- why you own/how you see it, and institutionalized- recognition from respected institutions

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income

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what people earn from work, plus dividends indentures on investments, along with rents and royalties. income distribution has a heavy concentration at the top, gaps have widened.

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wealth

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the total value of what someone owns, minus debt- stocks, bonds and real estate. more unevenly distributed than income.

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economy

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a cultural adaption to the environment that enable a group of human to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and to thrive. Economic systems include relationships and intuitions that help meet out collective needs: food, water, shelter Economy as household management

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food foragers

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humans who subsist by hunting, fishing and gathering plants to eat. egalitarian societies, embedded in wide networks but have declined. Batek and Amawaka

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pastorialism

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a strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals

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horticulture

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the cultivation of plants for subsistence through non intensive use of land and labor

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agriculture

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an intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land

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carrying capacity

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the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surround region

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generalized reciprocity

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value of what is being exchanged not strictly calculated and timing or amount of repayment is not predetermined. Usually among insiders (Batek), parents, borrowing a pen.

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balanced reciprocity

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Obligation to repay with a gift of equal value. Between more distantly related people (buying a round of drinks with friends)

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negative reciprocity

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getting more than you give: bargaining, cheating. Usually between strangers, can be socially transgressive (moochers

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market exchange

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•Markets: systems for brining goods together for the sake of exchange • Bartering (trading): earliest kind of market exchange of goods for services and vice-versa • Historically, desirable goods, such as salt, metals, or precious stones began to be used as common mediums of exchange • Currency (money) a way to mediate exchange

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colonialism

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the practice by which nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and market in other countries or regions. motivated by finding more silver or gold--> this set pattern for today's economy.

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modernization theories

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post-WWII economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism less developed countries would follow eh same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries.

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development

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Post - WWII strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standard through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies

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dependency theory

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a critique of modernization theory that argues that despite the end of colonialism he underlying economic relation of there modern world economic system had not changed.

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underdevelopment

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the term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as result of their relationship to unbalanced global economic system

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core countries

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industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system. economic centers that control/ influence markets/ former colonizes

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periphery countries

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the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the court countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor and markets. labor/ raw material sources, former colonies

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Fordism

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the dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on asocial compact among labor, corporations and government. o Early mid 20th century o Assembly lines/ mass production o 8-hour workday and living wages o M.O.P located in core countries

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flexible accumulation

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o 1970s: core country economics decline, cost of oil rises, production costs cut o new strategies to maximize profits: outsourcing + offshoring o manufacturing jobs decline in core o more jobs in periphery, with low pay and harsh conditions

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neoliberalism

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an economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government Neoliberalism: Another element of globalization o The current global economy is highly influenced by NL since 1970s o Economic philosophy: maximizing free market competition (at all costs) is the best strategy o Market will "correct" itself ♣ If a company has low quality products, consumers will not buy them ♣ Corruption will lead to bad ratings ♣ Competitions ensures the best companies survive o NL= economic policy but also has social effects o NL reduces citizenship to consumption o Privatization of public property has gone down; venues for political engagement/ access to non-commercial space o If citizenship= consumption, then having less money means having less ability to participate in and have control over life

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commodity chain

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the hands an item pass through between producer and consumer. globalization has extended their span across territories and cultures, intensifying the connection between local and global. example: Tsukiji: fish maker at the cent of there world

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pushes and pulls

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the forces that spur migration form eh country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country. pushed to migrate from their home by poverty, famine, natural disasters, war, ethnic conflict, genocide, political or religious oppression. pulled to certain places by job opportunities, higher wages, educational opportunities, access to health care, or investment opportunities

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bridges and barriers

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bridges may include family networks, transportation links, government immigration policies, recruitment agencies, and even human smugglers. barriers rang from language difference and geographical distant to tightly regulated borders and expenditures for passports, visas and transportation

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internal migration

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the movement of people within their own national borders

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labor immigrant

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a person who moves in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling n economic niche that native-born works will not fill

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professional immigrant

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a highly traine individual who moves to fill an economic niche in middle-clas profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country.

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entrepreneurial immigrant

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a person who moves to a new locate to conduct take and establish a business

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refugee

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a person who has been forced to move beyond his or her national borders because of persecution, armed conflict or natural disasters

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health

answer

the absence of disease and infirmity, as well as the presence of physical, mental and social well-being. Environment, access to nutrition, housing, education, medical care necessary for optimal health. Violence/ war + poverty jeopardize individual and collective health

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medical anthropology

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Beliefs and practices related to health are part of culture. M.A. provides an holistic approach to: o How diseases spread o How people make sense of health/illness o How structures of power that impact health/illness Anthropological approaches: o Participant observation/ live among informants for extended periods of time

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disease

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a discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional. biological elements like bacteria, viruses, parasites, or genetic factors that make people sick

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illness

answer

the individual patient's experience of sickness. how people experience the sickness caused by disease. Illness/ culture give meaning to disease

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ethnomedicine

answer

local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values

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ethnopharmacology

answer

the documentation and description of the local use of natural subsistences in healing remedies and practices

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biomedicine

answer

a practice, often associated with Western medicine,t hat seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural science to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting healing. doctors, pharmacies, hospitals- work to clinically identify discrete natural disease entities that can be diagnosed and treated by biomedical gained professionals'. Medications, surgery, or other invasive. • Flexible bodies informant mostly in realm of biomedicine • Bio-medicine: applying principles from biology and natural sciences (ie. Chemistry) to diagnose and promote health • Biomedicine is western ethno medicine (local system of health rooted in cultural norms and values) • Informants also included "althernative" practioner • Chinese medicine (acupuncture)

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human microbiome

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the complete collection microorganisms in the human body's ecosystem

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health transition

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the significant improvements in human health mad over the course of the 20th century that were not, however, distributed evenly across the world's population

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critical medical anthropology

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an approach to the study of health and illness that analyzes the impact of inequality and stratification within systems of power individual and group health outcomes. how economic and political systems, race, class, gender and sexuality create and perpetuate unequal access to health care and who health system themselves are systems of power that generate disparities in health by defending who is sick, who gets treated and how. analyze patterns of health and illness among entire groups - goes beyond western biomedicine traditional focus.

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medical migration

answer

the movement of diseases, medical treatments, and entire health care systems as well as those seeking medical care, across nation borders. vaccinations, AIDS

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medical pluralism

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the intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing

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illness narratives

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the personal stories that people tell to their illnesses. revel psychological, social and cultural aspects ht give illness its context and meaning. provide healthier with an essential framework for developing treatment strategies that will make sense.

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anarchical society

answer

A standard rule, withouta leader or authority

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hyper-real

answer

the idea of an over exaggerated or a "spectacle" of violence in the favela Media depictions of favelas rely on hyper-realism • The hyper-real is more vivid, dramatic than everyday life • HR distorts and "improves upon" reality • But, HR favela becomes a standard for authenticity o Example: wanting real experiences to match movie

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tourism violence

answer

one type adventure towism, solidarty tourism, tourist think they are learning about the favela but it is just confirming theyre preconceived notions. And it gives money to people outside the favela

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comodity fetishism

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we gave the dollar bill value, if you take away its meaning it means nothing. We give more value to something then it should have. In Karl Marx's critique of the political economy of capitalism, commodity fetishism is the perception of the social relationships involved in production, not as relationships among people, but as economic relationships among the money and commodities exchanged in market trade. = reification; it ignores/ hides social relationships and cultural construction • favela commodification turns the social/ historical connections between blackness, marginality, and violence into an object • consumers of this object do to address/ understand that historical and political conditions the favela into object to buy and sell o favelas are peripheral- it is like an object in movies

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structural inequality

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where a category or group of peole have unequal status in relation to others and perpetuated by rules or rights and the oppurtunities they are given

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white privilege

answer

nherited advantage you get simply for being white.... Relates to male privilege

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commodity change

answer

the links that collect places of connection or places of distribution (Chocolate bar journal)

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representational violence

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• in media, public discourse; residents lack control over how they are portrayed a form of violence because it's a negative portarial by the media.... Bruce lee... musliams in media after 911... bad for the racial groups .... Any representation of favela being always violent Favela tourism and representational violence o Like media, representations of the favela only give partial view o Favela performs itself as a place of poverty and violence o Tours start in most expensive neighborhoods first to show how separate it is from the city o Tourists see only a partial reality Yet, outsiders perversely have the authority to determine what the "real" favela

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Rochina

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A lot of commerce in Rochina- Bob's burgers. • Estimated 70,000 residents • In the Zona Sul (south zone) • Near two neighborhoods with some of the highest property taxes in the city o Makes sense since Favela is near this because they will work as janitors, etc. for them • Residents are perceived as criminals, but E.R.L. estimates 1% are fewer are traffickers

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commodification

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•transforming goods, services, ideas, people, etc. into objects with monetary value that can be bought and sold. this is a foundation of representational violence & structural violence. Favela space is further commodified via fashion • Favela (dona marta) a "colorful" backdrop for other commodities - high fashion • Such actions reinforce favela as a brand (Favela Inc.) through wide (global) circulation • Favela bodies are also commodified via fashion, e.g. story about son of bricklayer assistant who became a model after police "disappeared" his father • Young man's photo portfolio included serious, grief-stricken poses • Marketability tied to role of victim • Difficult for favela residents to escape tropes/ realities of crime, lost childhood, and state violence and blacks ops 2

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Pierre Bourdieu

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studied french education system to understand the relationship among class, culture, and power. Education is considered the key to upward social mobility within stratified societies. Instead, he came up with social reproduction- phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next. Educational system helped reproduce the social relations that already exist by passing class position from generation to generation in a family. Habitus and cultural capital are his terms that are key to social reproduction of class. School is influenced by cultural capital. hard to move between classes, social relations

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Franz boas on cultural evolutionism

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Moved beyond the evolutionary framework for viewing cultural differences. He did not believe that all cultures naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages from simple to complex (unilinear cultural evolution). He rejected its generalization and its comparative method. Instead he used historical particularism- cultures develop in specific ways because of their histories. He used the term diffusion- borrowing of cultural traits and patterns from other cultures to explain apparent similarities. Also challenged the role of biology as a tool for discrimination.

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neo-colonialism

answer

the use of political or economical pressure being used to control countries. The geopolitical practice of using capitalism, business globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence a country, in lieu of either direct military control (imperialism) or indirect political control (hegemony).

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favela pacification

answer

Before Pacification (Informal) • Locally owned furniture shops that operated informally • Few people with credit cards • Pirated cable/internet by traffickers After Pacification (Formal) • Increase in the number of chain stores • Cable/internet through formal companies • Increase use of credit card to be integrated with formal city Pacification has mixed results: Economic formalization combined with improvement projects, Footbridge to link favela with the rest of the city, Construction of a care center (Lacks supplies and doctors), Sports complex has been built Pacification: the act of forcibly suppressing or eliminating a population considered to be hostile; restoration of peace

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cultural adaption

answer

the process and time it takes a person to integrate into a new culture and feel comfortable within it. A person in this position may encounter a wide array of emotions that the theory describes in four different stages. This includes the honeymoon, culture shock, recovery, and adjustment stages.

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