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In nineteenth century evolutionary theory, the stages of __________ were proposed.

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savagery, barbarism, and civilization

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A disadvantage of participant-observation is that

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only a small sample can be studied.

question

Leslie White argued that the driving force of cultural evolution was

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the amount of energy available.

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Why are binary oppositions significant to French Structuralism?

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It is believed to be the primary mode of human thought.

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The primary aim of ethnoscience is to:

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understand a culture from the point of view of the people themselves.

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Which statement best describes Feminist Anthropology?

answer

It seeks to describe and explain the female perspective in cultural life

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Cultural materialism

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holds that material conditions determine human thoughts and behavior.

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Postmodern anthropology

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argues that culture should be understood from several perspectives.

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Interpretive anthropology is part of which theoretical orientation?

answer

postmodernism

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Culture shock includes the following symptom(s):

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a loss of self-esteem.

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The theoretical analysis of interaction between culture and environment that argued that particular cultures evolved independently of others is called:

answer

multilinear evolution.

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Nineteenth century evolutionary theory was developed by:

answer

Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan.

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Franz Boas argued that the discipline of anthropology needed

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the careful collection of empirical data on as many specific cultures as possible.

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he two theorists (one in England and one in the U.S.) who gave the greatest importance to fieldwork were

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Boas and Malinowski.

question

Margaret Mead, in her research in Samoa

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concluded that the emotional turbulence of adolescents in the United States is culturally rather than biologically based.

question

Which of the following is a primary weakness of French Structuralism?

answer

It is a theory that cannot be tested empirically.

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Which theory most focuses on the unconscious level?

answer

French structuralism

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Biculturalism means:

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a capacity to function effectively in two or more cultures.

question

Which of the following is not true of evolutionism?

answer

Evolutionism takes an inductive approach to analyzing other societies.

question

The diffusionists focused their theory on:

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different levels of cultural borrowing to explain cultural diversity

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American historicism was developed by

answer

Franz Boas.

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Most anthropologists today

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do not tie themselves to a single theoretical orientation

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French structuralism concentrates on:

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the identification of mental structures that undergird social behavior.

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A theory is

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a statement about how things are related.

question

Morgan proposed that the three stages of savagery were associated with

answer

food collecting.

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The functionalist concept of universal function means:

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that every component of a culture has a use.

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Leslie White, in his theory, focused on the harnessing of energy and

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humans' use of technology to "capture energy."

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Data gathered from personal interviews, observations, and oral histories is

answer

qualitative.

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Which theory operates on the assumption that cultures must be described in terms of native categories?

answer

ethnoscience

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Which theory argues that any culture is partially composed of traits diffused from other cultures?

answer

American historicism

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Social networking greatly impacts communication on a global scale primarily because

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Facebook allows one to stay in touch with others around the world.

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A language that is "moribund" is one that

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is spoken by only a handful of people.

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The study of the sound structure of a language is called:

answer

phonology.

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An example of a free morpheme is __________.

answer

car

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Cultural emphasis refers to

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the group of words in a language that are considered more adaptively important in that culture.

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The language(s) most efficient at expressing abstract ideas

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does not exist; no single language is most efficient.

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Opponents of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue that

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language simply reflects, rather than determines, culture.

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Nonverbal communication includes all of the following except

answer

communication on a telephone.

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The role of silence in language

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varies culture to culture.

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The highly complex set of rules that regulates the formation of morphemes into words that convey meaning is called

answer

grammar.

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Which of the following is the best example of a synchronic study of language?

answer

Comparative analysis of conjunctions in English and Spanish

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Sociolinguistics helps one to understand

answer

all of these.

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The way that people hold their bodies often communicates information about all of the following except

answer

bilingualism.

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Cultural emphasis refers to:

answer

the relationship between vocabulary and culture.

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Human language is found in all cultures

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across the world.

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The meanings attached to any given word in all languages are totally

answer

arbitrary.

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An example of a bound morpheme is __________.

answer

-ist

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In gendered speech

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one must use the same gendered nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in order to be understood.

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A lingua franca refers to

answer

a common language.

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Understanding nonverbal communication

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gives one a fuller picture of a culture's communication intents.

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The way that people hold their bodies often communicates information about all of the following except:

answer

bilingualism.

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Sociolinguistics concentrates on variations in language that

answer

depend upon the social situations or contexts in which the speaker operates.

question

Language, according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

establishes in our minds categories that affect our perception.

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High touch cultures include _________ while low touch cultures include _________.

answer

Jewish and Arab cultures; German and Scandinavian cultures

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Sociolinguists

answer

focus on how people actually speak in any given social situation.

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An example of internal language, as from Old English to modern English demonstrates

answer

Historical linguistics

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Displacement, a feature of human communication, means:

answer

the capacity to convey information about a thing or event that is hypothetical in nature.

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Non-human primates and humans share which features of communication?

answer

non-verbal forms of communication

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What is a paleopathologist?

answer

Study disease among ancient peoples

question

Horticulture refers to the type of farming that

answer

relies predominantly on hand tools for household consumption. Correct!

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Which two terms are synonymous with shifting cultivation?

answer

slash and burn farming and swidden cultivation

question

A subsistence strategy may involve various elements. Which of the following lists is most accurate for defining the term, subsistence?

answer

How people grow, harvest, prepare, transport, market, and eat food

question

A society's environment:

answer

influences its food-getting strategy and sets broad limitations.

question

In today's world, hunters and gatherers are found:

answer

on land very poorly suited for agriculture

question

The development of crop cultivation makes specialization of labor possible because

answer

since farming is more efficient than food collecting, more people can be freed to engage in an activity other than food production

question

Which of the following is associated with the lowest population size?

answer

Foraging

question

The slash and burn method requires

answer

an extensive land use system with a lengthy fallow period.

question

Nomadic pastoralism:

answer

has no permanent villages.

question

The Neolithic Revolution:

answer

gave humans a measure of control over their food supply.

question

Melville Herskovits, who worked among East African pastoralists, contends "the cattle complex" refers to cattle as:

answer

status symbols, a food source, and for personal attachment.

question

People who practice horticulture

answer

grow tree crops, seed crops, or root crops.

question

he Ju/'hoansi (!Kung San) inhabit:

answer

the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa.

question

The Inuit of the Arctic region

answer

rely on modern technology to aid in their food collecting strategies.

question

Which of the following has the highest degree of labor specialization?

answer

Intensive agriculture

question

Industrialized agriculture is associated with all of the following except which?

answer

It has led to the flow of capital from wealthier nations to poorer ones.

question

Transhumance pastoralism is a migratory pattern that:

answer

involves seasonal movement of herds between upland and lowland pastures.

question

Specialization in agriculture may result in all of the following except

answer

less specialization of labor

question

Agriculture

answer

relies on animal power, mechanized technology, and non-mechanized technology for production.

question

According to your text, environmental consequences related to industrial agricultural often led to

answer

a decrease in plant and animal diversity.

question

The food-getting strategy used by humans for most of their existence is:

answer

hunting and gathering.

question

The carrying capacity of an environment:

answer

is the uppermost level of productivity that is ecologically sound in an environment.

question

Domestication of plants may be a result of all of the following except:

answer

people's inability to adapt to changes in the environment.

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