question

Anthropologists study primates primarily to understand the behavior and evolution of the

answer

human primate

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Differing adaptations of living primates may suggest why certain ___________ occurred

answer

divergences

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Which of the following traits do most primates NOT share?

answer

monoscopic vision

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The order Primates is usually subdivided into two suborders: the prosimians and the

answer

anthropoids

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Which is NOT a characteristic of New World monkeys?

answer

two premolars

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Hominids have a division of labor by

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gender

question

Primates have a fairly long dependency period which allows them

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more time to observe and learn complex behaviors essential to survival.

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Only modern humans have spoken, symbolic language because

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of the size of our brains and the presence of vocal cords.

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A theory as to why hominids are completely terrestrial compared to other primates is

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our ancestors lost their perches when the forests receded &&& cultural advances such as weapons or fire may have eliminated the need for nightly shelter in the trees.

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What is an important factor that might account for different sizes of primate groups?

answer

nocturnal activity, amount and density of food, competition over resources

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Hominids are distinguished from other primates by

answer

consistent erect walking on two feet.

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The largest of the surviving apes are

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gorillas

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Which of the following in NOT a prosimian?

answer

chimpanzees

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What three animals are promians?

answer

lemurs, tarsiers, lorises

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The primate fossil record

answer

is full of diversity

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We know that by the early ______ epoch, primates resembling prosimians had already emerged

answer

Eocene

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Primates with monkey and apelike features appeared in the _______epoch, about 34 million years ago.

answer

Oligocene

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About _______ percent of all animal and plant life that lived in the last part of the Cenozoic, the late Cretaceous, vanished by the early Paleocene.

answer

75

question

Large trees with large fruits and seeds became common during the _________ epochs

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late Paleocene and early Eocene

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The best known genus of proto-ape from the early Miocene is

answer

Proconsul

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The spread of __________ aided the rise of primates.

answer

insects

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Has the fossil evidence told us where and when hominids first emerged?

answer

yes, from Africa about 6-7 million years ago

question

Why is continental drift an important event for explaining the different climates of the past?

answer

as the continents changed position, they affected climate

question

Primate paleontologists think that primates probably evolved from the ________ order of mammals.

answer

insectivore

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______________ highlighted some weaknesses in the arboreal theory.

answer

Matt Cartmill

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The knowledge gained from anatomical studies of living species

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can allow important inferences to be made about behavioral and physical traits likely to be associated with primate fossil features.

question

The famous footprints of Australopithecus were found at

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Laetoli

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Undisputed bipedal early hominids lived in ___________ about 4 million years ago.

answer

East Africa

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All of the following are "costs" of bipedalism except

answer

the hands were freed for other tasks.

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Paleoanthropologists disagree about our ancestors, but they do agree

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there were at least two separate hominid lines between 3 million and 1 million years ago.

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The fossil that Raymond Dart discovered was that of

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a young child

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The skeleton of humans differs from that of the great apes in all of the following except

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the big toe is not opposed to the other toes

question

The first clear evidence of stone tools appears more than _______ million years after the appearance of bipedalism

answer

2

question

Anthropologist Donald Johanson found 40 percent of the skeleton of a female hominid at Hadar, which he named __________ after the Beatles song

answer

Lucy

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Homo erectus dates from ________ million years ago

answer

1.8

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The widening of the female pelvis is related to

answer

larger brained bodies

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Generally, the greater the sexual dimorphism, the _________ the social dominance of males over females.

answer

greater

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The average size of the brain of Homo sapiens is _________ cc

answer

1300

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When Homo erectus hunted they may have used fire. How would this be an advantage?

answer

animals were driven out of their hiding places into hunters positioned downwind

question

One of the biggest differences between culture and other forms of animal behavior is that in culture, it is learned and shared. Why is this so?

answer

cultural behavior is not innate and it has to be learned

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Richard Potts suggests that caches of stone tools and stones for tool making were left at various sites in East Africa

answer

to facilitate recurrent food collecting and processing

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Anthropologists speculate that early stone tools found in East Africa were made by

answer

Early Homo

question

Recent finds in South Africa date Homo sapiens to about __________ years ago.

answer

160,000

question

The two main theories about the origin of Modern humans are the single-origin theory and the ___________theory.

answer

multi-regional

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Why do we think it possible that Neandertals had funeral rituals?

answer

fossil evidence shows what looks like planned burial sites

question

Cro-Magnon first appeared in Europe about _________ years ago.

answer

35,000

question

The Neandertal period in Africa is called the

answer

Middle Stone Age

question

At _____________, a stack of seven bear skulls was found with evidence of Neandertal habitation.

answer

Drachenloch cave

question

_________ is the main evidence used by the multiregional theorists to support their theory.

answer

Continuity

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The ___________scenario has the clearest archaeological evidence to support it.

answer

extinction

question

New evidence suggests that people were hunting big game as long as _________ years ago.

answer

400,000

question

A new invention of the Upper Paleolithic was

answer

replaceable blades, the spear thrower, and the bow and arrow

question

The site of ______________, dating to about 25,000 years ago, in the Czech Republic is one of the first for which there is an entire settlement plan.

answer

Dolni Vestonice

question

____________ looks at how a tool similar to one found in the past is used by people today.

answer

Ethnographic analogy

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Native Americans originally came from

answer

Asia

question

Early New World hunters were called

answer

Paleo-Indians

question

The innovation having the most lasting importance for humans, both in the Old and New Worlds was

answer

The domestication of plants and animals

question

Archaic peoples of North America began to follow a more ______ lifestyle.

answer

sedentary

question

The ________ site in Chile suggests that humans got to South America by about 12,500 to 33,000 years ago.

answer

Monte Verde

question

________ are very tiny blade tools

answer

microliths

question

The period of culture history known as the Upper Paleolithic dates from about ______ years ago.

answer

40,000

question

An archaeological site in Colorado shows that early hunters were

answer

organized and worked together

question

We do not know when human language emerged because

answer

it is difficult to explore archaeologically

question

The shift to food production is called the ____________by V. Gordon Childe.

answer

Neolithic Revolution

question

Settled life is called

answer

sedentarism

question

Archaeologists speak of domestication only when there is evidence that plants and animals show a ______ wild plants and animals.

answer

difference from

question

Archaeologists study what ancient peoples ate by

answer

studying ancient food wastes, looking at charred remains of cooking fires, and examining coprolites

question

Cities first appeared in the Near East about

answer

3500 BC

question

The rise of food production led to

answer

accelerated population growth, declining health, and elaboration of material possessions

question

The population of the world seems to have increased dramatically as a result of

answer

people settling down

question

Dogs were the first animals domesticated, about 15,000 years ago. Why?

answer

perhaps hunting shifted from large to small prey and dogs were useful tracking game, perhaps they could retrieve killed game from bodies of water, perhaps they could serve as alarm-givers if predators came close

question

Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from

answer

hunting

question

Evidence of textile making and painted pottery comes from villages established

answer

after the rise of food production

question

Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.

answer

fertile crescent

question

Which is not put forth as a possible reason for broad-spectrum collecting?

answer

average height of the population

question

Domestication in Africa is dated to around

answer

6000 BC

question

The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities is called

answer

cultural relativism

question

A ________ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language.

answer

society

question

Standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior are referred to by social scientists as

answer

norms

question

A person who judges other cultures solely in terms of his or her own culture is said to be

answer

ethnocentric

question

For something to be cultural, it must be

answer

learned and commonly shared

question

One example of _________ is how far apart people stand when they are having a conversation.

answer

custom

question

Anthropologists, when studying culture, try to distinguish actual behavior from ideas about how people ought to feel and behave. This is because

answer

there is often a difference between ideal behavior and actual behavior, the ideal is based on the way a society used to be, ideal behavior may be what they would like to see as correct behavior.

question

Sometimes it appears that culture is random, but in fact it is integrated. What makes it integrated?

answer

the traits that make up culture are adjusted to, or consistent with, one another.

question

In discovering cultural patterns, it is sometimes necessary to conduct surveys. What sampling technique is necessary to guarantee a representative sample?

answer

random sampling

question

One of the indications of how much an animal depends on learned behavior for survival is the

answer

proportion of an animal's life span spent in childhood.

question

The ideal cultural patterns of a society

answer

generally reflect the way a society was in the past.

question

When we say that a communication is __________, we mean at least two things. First, the communication has meaning even when the referent is not there, and second, the meaning is arbitrary.

answer

symbolic

question

The earliest writing systems are about _____ years old.

answer

6,000

question

How many mutually unintelligible languages have been identified?

answer

4000-5000

question

A __________ language is one which developed from a pidgin language.

answer

Creole

question

The smallest unit of language that has meaning is a

answer

morph

question

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that

answer

language is a force in its own right, that it affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality.

question

Children learn spoken language

answer

at about the same age in all cultures

question

The use of more than one language in the course of conversation is

answer

code switching

question

If a language has a basic color term for "yellow," it is most likely also to have a color term for

answer

red

question

Languages can easily be lost for many reasons, but mostly because

answer

they are not passed on to children

question

What makes it difficult for a non-native speaker to learn English?

answer

what we say and how we say it are not predictable by the rules of the English language.

question

Research on young children has revealed interesting insights into language acquisition. They include

answer

a child is equipped from birth with the capacity to reproduce all the sounds in the world's languages. at six months, a child can distinguish hundreds of consonants and vowels. by one year old, a child will recognize the sound clusters of their caretakers.

question

Communication occurs among other animal species as well. Sound is used to say "this is my territory."

answer

communicate that "this is my territory."

question

It appears that all human societies have the custom of marriage. Why is this?

answer

marriage solves problems found in society. it helps share the products of the division of labor. it helps to care for infants.

question

Cousin marriage is common in

answer

societies that have recently suffered severe depopulation.

question

While most of the world's societies allow polygyny, most men in these societies are monogamous. Why is that?

answer

few societies have enough women for polygyny to be widely practiced

question

What percentage of the societies known to anthropologists includes one or more explicit economic transactions that take place before or after a marriage?

answer

About 75

question

Which theory hypothesizes that the taboo for incest is based on sibling association?

answer

Westermarck's childhood-familiarity theory

question

Polygyny is least likely in societies

answer

with balanced sex ratios

question

Marriage is considered a __________ trait by anthropologists because it is practiced by all societies.

answer

universal

question

Bride __________ is a gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin.

answer

price

question

Marriage includes two major factors. These are

answer

sexual and economic considerations

question

Male homosexual behavior

answer

is considered superior to heterosexual behavior among the Etoro of New Guinea.

question

Premarital sex is

answer

actively encouraged in some societies

question

Childhood sexual curiosity is

answer

met with a tolerant and permissive attitude in some societies.

question

In which type of societies are women most likely to contribute more than men to primary subsistence?

answer

horticultural

question

Humans display __________. That is, the females and males of the species exhibit fairly marked differences in size and appearance.

answer

sexual dimorphism

question

What are three primary subsistence activities?

answer

gathering, fishing, hunting

question

Of the following, which is not a primary subsistence activity?

answer

corn grinding

question

In most societies, what is the average length of time for a mother to breastfeed her child?

answer

24 months

question

In Oman, there is a third gender role called

answer

Xanith

question

Societies that frown on sexual expression by young children

answer

also punish premarital and extramarital sex.

question

Anthropologists are reasonably certain that social stratification

answer

emerged relatively recently in human history.

question

Social stratification may be less likely in societies with

answer

generalized reciprocity as the primary form of exchange.

question

Class societies may have social problems related to economics because

answer

groups of people have substantially greater or lesser access to economic resources and power.

question

Caste systems are the most rigid of class systems because

answer

membership is by birth. you are in the caste your entire life. marriage is restricted to members of one's own caste.

question

What are three egalitarian societies?

answer

Mbuti Pygmies, the Yanomamo, the !Kung

question

Which of the following societies is not considered to be egalitarian?

answer

Nimpkish Native Americans

question

Modern industrial societies are noted for having disparate access to economic resources and prestige. What type of stratification exists in these societies?

answer

class

question

A society is practicing which form of stratification when the members of the society have equal access to economic resources but not to prestige?

answer

rank

question

Religion deals with the

answer

supernatural

question

Edward Tyler hypothesized that religion grew out of

answer

people's speculation about dreams, trances, and death.

question

A polytheistic religion recognizes __________ gods, not one of which is __________.

answer

many important/supreme

question

People tend to be punished by gods for immoral behavior

answer

when there are considerable differences in wealth in a society.

question

__________ are generally full-time male specialists who officiate at public events.

answer

priests

question

The belief in souls that Tylor considered the earliest form of religion is called

answer

animism

question

For anthropologists, the term mana refers to

answer

a supernatural force residing in some people and objects.

question

In most societies, ghosts resemble

answer

close relatives

question

Which type of religious practitioner is most likely to be female?

answer

medium

question

Which type of society is most likely to have a monotheistic religion?

answer

a society with hierarchical political systems

question

Magic is used in a number of societies to manipulate the supernatural. The purpose of this manipulation is for

answer

good or for evil

question

Some scholars have explained the epidemics of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts, as a response to

answer

the ingestion of hallucinogens.

question

The ethics of applied anthropologists requires that

answer

the anthropologist must not take any action that is harmful to the interests of the community.

question

Anthropologists who call themselves applied or practicing anthropologists are not usually employed in which setting?

answer

universities

question

What is the major reason anthropologists are hired by nonacademic organizations?

answer

to help solve practical problems

question

As a profession, applied or practicing anthropology is explicitly concerned with

answer

making anthropological knowledge useful.

question

Many of the ideas and practices of medical researchers and practitioners are influenced by

answer

culture

question

Which illness is thought of as a "folk illness"?

answer

susto

question

Cultural resource management archaeologists are a vital part of large-scale programs of change because

answer

they recover and preserve the archaeological record before programs of planned change disturb or destroy it.

question

For many diseases, health problems, and death rates, incidence or relative frequency varies directly with

answer

social class

question

In a cross-cultural study of 139 societies, George P. Murdock found that __________ societies did not have the belief that gods or spirits could cause illness.

answer

2

question

How culture views health and illness is part of its

answer

ethnomedicine

question

What factors do medical anthropologists think we need to consider if we are to reduce the suffering in human life?

answer

biological and social

question

Applied or practicing anthropologists may be involved in all of the following except

answer

assembling data relevant to a program. assessing the likely social and environmental impact of particular plans. monitoring the effects of a program.

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