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In all human societies (Blank) and (Blank) operate as the 2 very basic economic principles

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Family and Kin

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a sum of money or quantity of goods given to a bride's family by that of the groom

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Bride Price

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Descent group most common in non-western societies

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Unilineal

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Patralinieal descent system, what does not exist in terms of the ego

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Ego Sister

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Efforts of the individual are

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achieved

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Human beings primary means of communication

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language

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means of connection between people or places, in particular

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Communication

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Communication systems of nonhuman primates

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Call systems

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smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning

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Phoneme

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Study of a language's phonemics and phonetics

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Phonology

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Study of morphemes and word construction

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morphology

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All the morphemes in a language and their meaning

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Lexicon

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Arrangement of words in phrases and sentences

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Syntax

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Study of speech sounds

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Phonetics

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Study of sound contrasts in a language

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Phonemics

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Noam chomsky

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Limited set of rules for organizing language, all languages have common structural basis

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Spair-Whorf

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Different languages produce different ways of thinking

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Set of words describing particular domains of experience

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Focal vocabulary

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means of connection between people or places, in particular.

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Pidgin

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Impact of language loss

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Less diversity

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Identification with an ethnic group

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Ethnicity

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Ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

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Race

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Race is a

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social construction

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Genotype

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What you cant see

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Phenotype

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Evident biological traits

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Vitamin D on dark skin

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Dark skin doesn't absorb as much Vitamin D, take supplements

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Prejudice

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Devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes

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Discrimination

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Policies and practices that harm a group and its members

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Sex

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Your biological sex assignment

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Gender

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What you think of yourself as

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Patriarchy Matriarchy

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Power

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Patrilineal Matrilineal

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Lineage

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Patrilocal Matrilocal

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Residence

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Why do we study kinship?

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Because it is important to the people we study

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Nuclear family in whicn one is born and grows up in

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Family of orientation

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Nuclear family established when one marries and has children

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Family of procreation

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Ambilineal

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Flexible descent rule, neither patrilineal nor matrilineal

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Kinship in the US

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Bilateral

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Lineal

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ancestor or descendent

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Affinal

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People that marry into family

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Collateral

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Everyone that is not lineal or affinal

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Genitor

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Biological father

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Pater

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Socially recognized father

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exogamy

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Seeking spouse outside ones group

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Endogamy

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Marriage of people from same group

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Exogamy and endogamy can

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function at the same time

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Why do we marry out?

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To meet new people and be social

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Moiety

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either of two groups into which a society is divided

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TRiangle

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male

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Circle

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female

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square

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regardless of sex

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equal sign

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marriage

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equal sign slashed

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divorced

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line

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descent

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bracket

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Siblings

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Line through triangle or circle

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death

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F

answer

Father

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M

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Mother

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S

answer

son

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z

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sister

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d

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daughter

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b

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brother

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c

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child

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h

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husband

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w

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wife

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Research on the communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals their inability to refer to objects that are not immediately present in their environment, such as food and danger. The ability to describe things and events that are not present is called

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Displacement

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Which of the following was studied by Sapir and Whorf?

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the influence of language on thought

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What is an example of what Bourdieu calls symbolic domination in the context of language use?

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In a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as standard or superior.

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A key feature of language that helps explain anthropologists' continued interest in studying it

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is that it is always changing.

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Just as in other areas of anthropology, the study of language involves investigating what is or isn't shared across human populations and why these differences or similarities exist. The linguist Noam Chomsky has argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. He calls this set of rules

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the universal grammar.

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What term refers to the arrangement and order of words into sentences?

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Syntax

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A sociolinguist studies

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the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language

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Recent research on the origins of language suggests that a key mutation might have something to do with it. Comparing chimp and human genomes, it appears that

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the speech-friendly form of FOXP2 took hold in humans some 150,000 years ago, thus conferring selective advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities) that allowed those who had it to spread it, at the expense of those who did not.

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One aspect of linguistic history is language loss. When a language disappears,

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cultural diversity is reduced as well.

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Which of the following is the most likely reason for the dark skin color shared by tropical Africans and southern Indians?

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prevention of hypervitaminosis D

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The Basque people, one of Europe's most distinctive ethnic groups, have maintained a strong ethnic identity and a language that is unrelated to any other known language. However, Basque faces the same pressures all minority languages do:

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Knowledge of the national language—in this case Spanish or French—is essential, and most education, publishing, and broadcasting is in the national language.

question

In understanding the problems that have arisen in attempts at human racial classification, why is it important to understand the difference between genotype and phenotype?

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Attempts at human racial classification typically used phenotypic traits like skin color as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect the existence of shared genetic material. Instead, they are often the result of different populations biologically adapting to similar environmental stressors in similar ways.

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Which of the following statements about U.S. racial categories is true? They are

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culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based in biology.

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Which of the following statements about human skin color is not true?

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The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's ability to process lactose

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Depending on the situation, the same man might declare: \"I'm Jimmy's father\"; \"I'm your boss\"; \"I'm African American\"; or \"I'm your professor.\" This phenomenon, whereby a person's claimed or perceived identity varies depending on context, is called

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a situational negotiation of social identity.

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A policy of ethnic expulsion aims at removing from a country groups who are culturally different. There are many examples, including Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990s; Uganda expelling 74,000 Asians in 1972, and so on. The neofascist parties of contemporary western Europe advocate the repatriation of immigrant workers. What is one of the potential consequences of such policies?

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the creation of refugees—people who have been forced or have chosen to flee a country, to escape persecution or war.

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Organizations in the United States such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the National Council of La Raza, a Hispanic advocacy group, have opposed adding a \"multiracial\" census category. This suggests that

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classification is a political issue—these groups fear that their political clout will decline if their numbers go down.

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What is the term for policies and practices that harm a group and its members?

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Discrimination

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What is the term for the use of force by a dominant group to compel a minority to adopt the dominant culture?

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Forced assimilation

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1 / 1 point Research among horticultural societies has found that

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Women are main producers

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More than half of all U.S. families living in poverty are

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Headed by women

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Recently, India's four largest cities introduced commuter trains exclusively for female passengers. The aim of this new service was to

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offer women an alternative way of transportation to and from work with less risk of harassment or violence.

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According to studies in the 1960s, why did young Etoro men and boys engage in homosexual relationships?

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They believed it necessary for boys to ingest semen in order to mature in a healthy way.

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In which type of society would you expect women's status to be highest?

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hunters and gatherers

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According to anthropologist Ann Stoler, the economic determinants of gender status include

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freedom or autonomy in terms of disposing of one's labor and its fruits, and social power: control over the lives, labor, and produce of others.

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What makes Patricia Draper's fieldwork among the Ju/'hoansi so insightful regarding the relationships among economy, gender roles, and stratification?

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Because she studied both foragers and a group of former foragers who had become sedentary, she could draw comparisons between the two.

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Which of the following statements is not true?

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The feminization of poverty is unique to the United States.

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Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrate that

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the relative status of women is variable, depending on such factors as the type of subsistence strategy employed, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy.

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What does the domestic-public dichotomy refer to? The separation of

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Home and the outside world

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Among the Yanomami of Venezuela and Brazil, as in many societies with unilineal descent, which of the following is true? Marriage between

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cross-cousins is preferred; marriage between parallel cousins is considered incest.

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The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but

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not all cultures define incest the same way.

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A Nuer woman married to a woman can be the pater of a child she did not father. Native American berdaches, biological men who represent a third gender, sometimes assume the role of a wife when married to a man with whom they share the products of their labor. Cross-cultural examples such as these illustrate

answer

how, if they were to be made legal, same-sex marriages could easily benefit from the same legal rights different-sex marriages already enjoy.

question

In a society with two exogamous lineages or moieties, who is the preferred bride for a male ego?

answer

MBD

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A recent cross-cultural study of 87 societies, all of which had incest taboos, investigated the rate at which such taboos were broken. The results of this study add to the evidence that

answer

although tabooed, incest does happen.

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Which of the following statements about polyandry is most likely true?

answer

It is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare.

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What term refers to the biological father of a child?

answer

Genitor

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Polygamy, although formally outlawed, has survived in Turkey since the Ottoman period, when having several wives was viewed as a symbol of power, wealth, and sexual prowess. Unlike the past, when the practice was customary and not illegal, polygamy can put contemporary women at risk. How?

answer

Because their marriages have no official status, secondary wives who are abused or mistreated have no legal recourse.

question

All of the following are a form of polygamy except

answer

a man who marries, then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, then marries again, each time to a different woman.

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Which of the following is ego's cross-cousin?

answer

MBS

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What is the name of the family in which a child is raised? The

answer

family of orientation

question

In a bifurcate merging kinship system, which of the following would be called by the same term?

answer

M and MZ

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Which of the following kin types is not ego's lineal relative?

answer

B

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In a lineal system of kinship terminology, which of the following pairs would be called by the same term?

answer

FB and MB

question

Kinship terminology is a classification system, a taxonomy or typology. More generally, a taxonomic system

answer

is based on how people perceive similarities and differences in the things being classified.

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Understanding kinship systems is an important part of anthropology because

answer

kinship ties are important to the people anthropologists study; they are a key component of people's everyday social relations.

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In a bifurcate merging kinship terminology, what is merged?

answer

lineal relatives and collateral relatives

question

What makes up ego's nuclear family of orientation?

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Parents and siblings

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According to genealogical kin types used by anthropologists to study kinship relations, what kind of relative is ego's mother's brother? A(n)

answer

collateral

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