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Speech, advanced cognition, and complex material culture

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Do not define a hominin

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A hominin is defined as having fhe following two obligate behaviors

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Bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex

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The foundational behavior of hominins was

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Bipedalism

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Which of the following is an adaptive characteristic of bipedalism

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Longitudinal arch in the foot

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Bipedalisms advantage over quadrapedalism include

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An increased ability to see greater distances and ease of transported food

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Using tools and toolmaking is an adaptation by hominins linked to

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Bipedalism

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The first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans include

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis

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Derived trait of Sahelanthropus tchadensis

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Nonhoning chewing complex

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Based on the morphology of the hand phalanx, orrorin tugenesis lived in a

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Forest environment

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Ardi was adapted to life in trees and

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On the ground

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Ecological evidence from the site where ardi was found shows that early hominins

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Lived in a forest

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Beginning more than 3mya, at least 2 hominin lineages emerged, 1 that became homo and 1 that

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Included the now extinct descendants of Au. Afarensis

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The oldowan complex includes tools like

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Choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools

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In east Africa, robust Australopithecines are also called

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Paranthropus

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Au. Robust us was likely the longest surviving australopithecine in South Africa , it had

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Large molars, a big face, and sagittal crest

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Au. Robustus large masticatory complex indicate an adaptation to

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Eating foods required heavy chewing

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Australopithecus garhi may be the ancestor of

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Homo habilis

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The ravine in northern Tanzania where many early hominin fossils have been recovered is

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Olduvai gorge

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Fossils attributed to Au. Garhi were found at the bouri site in Ethiopia along with

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Animal bones with cut marks

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Evidence indicating orrorin tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeloton

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Femur

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Australopithecus garhi has been proposed as an ancestor from homo mainly because it had

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Longer legs relative to arms than other australopithecines

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You find a fossil that you think was bipedal. You know this because which trait was present

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Thigh bones that angle in toward the knees

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Crucial to creating a fossil record of a species is

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A good representation in the fossil record

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Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the east and south continent why

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These areas provided better preservation

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Which area saw the proliferation of mammals

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Cenozoic

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In the 1600s Nicolaus steno proposed

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Law of superposition

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Cultural dating can be used to date

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Ceramics

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A wooden tomb is found with a mummy inside. Which method could be used to date the tomb best?

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Dendrochronology

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A mummy is found with cloth, food, and other organic remains. Which dating method would be used

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Carbon 14

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Analysis of stable carbon isotopes in (blank) can provide info on ancient diet

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Bone and teeth

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Scientists can determine the type of plant consumed based on

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Carbon 13 and carbon 12

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Scientists find a fossil ape with long arms. What environment can they infer it inhabited?

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Woodland

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Based on the molecular clock, geneticists think chimps and hominins split (blank) mya

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8-10 mya

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Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer

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Potassium-argon dating

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The best info on climate over the last several million years is based in the study of

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Foraminifera

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Coinciding with the appearance of early hominins about 5-10 mya, the climate was

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Increasingly dry and seasonal

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During crucial periods of human evolution, the Pleistocene was characterized by

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Massive glaciation, then warm interglacials

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Living lemurs are found only in

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Madagascar

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Primates enhanced sense of vision stems from

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Their color vision and the fact that their eyes are rotated forward

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Among all primates humans have the

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Largest brain relative to body size

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Natural selection generally favors behaviors that

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Enhance survival and reproduction

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Sexual dimorphism

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Concerns differences in body size and canine size

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Sexual selection is best defined as

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Natural selection by traits attractiveness to opposite sex

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Altruistic behavior

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Is behavior that aids others; disadvantage to individual

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Vocalization in chimp groups

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Is unique to specific groups or regions

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Gibbons demonstrate the lack of sexual dimorphism

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Due to decreased competition for mates in monogamous society

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What fossil species of primates did Cuvier find in a gypsum quarry

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Adapis parisiensis

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What was not proposed by the arboreal hypothesis to be an adaptation to arboreal living

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Sense of smell

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The visual predation hypothesis proposes that

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Primate traits arose as adaptations for hunting

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The angiosperm radiation hypothesis proposed that primate traits

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Were responses to appearance of fruit during the Cenozoic

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Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates were

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Plesiadapaforms

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Plesiadapiforms are also called

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Proprimates

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Euprimates represent the first true

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Primates

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Which genus is considered the ancestor to adapids and omomyids

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Carpolestes

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Basal anthropoids are

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Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids

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The fayum desert has yielded fossils of the following three primates

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Oligopithecus, apidium, and aegyptopithecus

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Two genera of propliopthecids include

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Propliopithecus and aegyptopithecus

question

Comparisons of tooth wear in living apes and Miocene apes suggest that some extinct species ate

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Leaves, nuts, and fruits

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Which two genera may be the ancestors to the orangutan

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Khoratpithecus and sivapithecus

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Chororapithecus is considered the

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Common ancestor of African apes and hominins

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Paleontologist D. Begun proposes that climate changes in Europe prompted late Miocene apes to

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Move from europe back to Africa following food sources

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The evolution of apes began in Africa and continued in

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Europe and asia

question

Monkeys underwent massive (blank) in the Pliocene and Pleistocene

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Adaptive radiation

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A difference between Miocene apes and modern apes is the

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Size of the hands

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Like that of dryopithecus, a modern gorilla mandible has

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Y5 molars, rounded cusps, large canines, and a diastema

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Apes first appear in Europe and asia from about

answer

17 mya

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Which of the following species of early primates had the most biological diversity

answer

Proconsul

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A species that is adapted to a wide range of environments, climates, and diets is

answer

Biologically diverse

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The similarity in the feet of (blank) and the living anthropoids makes it the first true primate

answer

Eosimias

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A rapid temperature increase about 55mya created tropical conditions globally, resulting in

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The adaptive radiation of euprimates

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Which Eocene organisms had traits like the postorbital bar, opposable thumbs, nails, and a large brain

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Adapids and omomyids

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If you are examining a fossil of the genus dryopithecus where are they most likely from

answer

France

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Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?

answer

Orangutan

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During the Miocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, there was an adaptive radiation of which primate

answer

Apes

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Apes went extinct in Southern Europe during the late Miocene probably as a result of

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Climate change

question

The most distinctive feature of ape dentition which distinguishes apes from OW monkeys is

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Y5 molar pattern

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Who has been proposed as the last common ancestor of African apes and humans

answer

Ouranopithecus

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It is estimates that apes and OW monkeys diverged into separate lineages around

answer

25 mya

question

Which fossil group is characterized by an eye orbit fully enclosed by bone

answer

Anthropoids

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The most likely contender for the common ancestor of all later catarrhines is

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Aegyptopithecus

question

The shift from the Miocene to greater diversity of monkeys and fewer apes may be the result of

answer

Habitat change that resulted after change in global climate

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