Ancient Mesopotamia – Flashcards
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Sumerians
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where recorded history began; ____ invented writing
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Sumer
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name of area these peoples settled; mainly farming
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Ur; Uruk
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two city-states formed when villages grew; each had a different ruler and worshiped a different god/goddess
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Sargon
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leader of this invasion; conquered Sumerian city-states; he is credited with unifying his people into the world's first empire; see last part "The Women" concerning his daughter
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Babylonians
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captured the Mesopotamians; established the capital city of ______ on the Euphrates River; spoke Akkadian
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King Hammurabi
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ruled at the peak of the Babylonian empire
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Code of Hammurabi
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first set of laws
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Assyrians
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ruthless, war-like people from the North; expanded their empire to Egypt and Turkey
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Nineveh
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capital of Assyria; known as a center of learning
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King Ashurbanipal
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was the ruler of ancient Assyria at the height of Assyrian military and cultural accomplishments
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Sardanapal
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King Ashurbanipal is known in Greek writings as _____
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Asnappeer; Osnapper
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King Ashurbanipal is known as ____ or ____ in the Bible.
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Library; Nineveh
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However, of far greater importance to posterity was Ashurbanipal's establishment of a great _____ in the city of ______
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British Museum; Iraq Department
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Most of it is now in the possession of the ____ or the _____ of Antiquities
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Subject matter
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Like a modern library, this collection was spread out into many rooms according to ______
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Europe
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The actual cataloging activities under Ashurbanipal's direction would not be seen in _____ for centuries
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Scribes
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Partially through military conquests and partially through the employment of numerous _____
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Collection development
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Scribes were significant effort placed into what modern librarians would call _____
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Neo-Babylonians
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group that destroyed Nineveh
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Remaining Jews
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Second Babylonian empire; enslaved the _____ of Palestine
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Cuneiform
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the word means "wedge-shaped"
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"wedge-shaped"
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what does the word Cuneiform mean?
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Cuneiform
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needed method of keeping records in business; formed by pressing reeds into clay tablets which hardened
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Enheduanna
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daughter of King Sargon of Akkad, was the earliest known person whose name can be connected to a specific poem; world's first known poet
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Pictogram
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A picture used to symbolize a word or phrase
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Taxes
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a percentage of a person's income collected and given to the authorities or ruler
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Script
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A group of signs or letters, written by hand, used to make words. A type of writing e.g. cuneiform
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Cuneiform
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a writing system invented in southern Mesapotamaia
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Scribe
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in ancient Mesopotamia, a person who learned to read and write using cuneiform
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Near East
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A name used to describe the modern countries of Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran
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Ziggurat
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A large solid mud-brick stepped tower. Stairways lead to the top where there was a small temple
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Complex
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A group of buildings or rooms that are connected
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Excavate
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To dig or uncover buried objects and buildings
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Archaeologist
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A person who studies archaeology.
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Archaeology
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the study of past cultures based on objects and buildings
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Offering
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Something that is offered to another person or the gods; could be food, valuables, special oils, or animals to be sacrificed
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Excavation
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Area where buried objects and building are uncovered
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Nubia
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A term used to refer to the land that lay directly south of ancient Egypt
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Director
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the person in charge of an activity or organization
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Dig
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an archaeological excavation; to cut into, break up or remove earth
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Carchemish
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_____ was on the upper Euphrates, north-east of Aleppo
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Sumerian
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the language of people living in southern Mesopotamia and the first to be written using cuneiform
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Akkadian
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A language spoken in Mesopotamia similar to modern Arabic and Hebrew
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Demon
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in ancient Mesopotamia a ____ could be a good or bad spirit
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Monster
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A large, frightening creature
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Ritual
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An important religious ceremony or an event carried out at a special time
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Leonard Woolley
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____ learned a great deal about how people lived and what they believed by studying the burials
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Royal tombs
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Woolley called these tombs ____ which had very special and valuable objects in them
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Pictogram
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were used to communicate basic information about crops and taxes
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Oral--Written
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oral literature was always associated with some important activity like teaching, praying, magic, etc. Later, written language was used to preserve various literary works.
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Myths
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stories about gods/goddesses to explain natural phenomena, the human situation, or origins.
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Heroic Literature
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records the exploits of heroes and heroines. First there were oral legends then came epics, long poems celebrating heroes.
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Sacred Verse
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expressed religious faith in the form of hymns, prayers, or psalms; usually chanted or sung
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Wisdom Literature
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advice about wise and moral behavior; examples are proverbs (sayings) and parables (stories).
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Proverbs
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sayings
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Parables
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stories
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Folk Tales
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stories about ordinary people who have extraordinary experiences; contain magic, exaggeration, or humor.
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Archetype
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situations, characters, or images that appear over and over in literature.
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Fertile Crescent
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Cradle of Civilization
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Fertile Crescent
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offered an abundant water supply and mineral-rich soil replenished by the flooding of the two large rivers
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Bronze
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an alloy of copper and tin
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Cuneiform
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To record sales of products and land, the people of Mesopotamia developed a written language called ______
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Amorites
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established a new empire centered in the city of Babylon
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Ideograms
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a picture-writing system that used symbols
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Apsu
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the father and the fresh waters of the rivers
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Tiamat
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mother of all and the salt water of the ocean
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Ea
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who had the form of a fantastic beast with the upper body of a goat and the tail of a fish, was all-wise and foiled the scheme; He killed Apsu
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Damkina
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Ea's wife
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Mardoc
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Ea and Damkina's son
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Mardoc
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greatest of all gods
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Mardoc
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He had four eyes, four ears, and when he moved his lips, fire blazed forth
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Tiamat
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Mardoc killed _____
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Anu
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Ashnar's son
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Nudimmud
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Anu created his son named _____
