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Describe Greek City-States:

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Small size, small population, original polis, acropolis, agora

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Describe Greek Geography:

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Mainland cut by mountains. No main rivers. Surrounded by sea. Fertile/rocky soil. Lots of uninhabitable land.

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Describe Greek Agriculture and Economy:

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Grapes, olives, wine, wool, herded sheep. Ship builders, fisherman, explorers

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Describe Sparta's Militaristic Government:

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5 Ephors w/ supreme power, Council of Elders, 2 Kings, Assembly.

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Describe Athens' Democratic Government:

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Assembly, Council of 500, court, archons

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What were 3 results of Spartan militarism?

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1). Sparta was behind other city-states in trade and manufacturing 2) Sparta made NO achievements in literature and sciences 3). Spartans were exceptional soldiers and athletes.

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Who fought in the Trojan War?

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Mycenaean and Trojans

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What were the epics of Homer?

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The Iliad & the Oddysey

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mythes

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traditional stories about gods

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Epic

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story; heroic journey

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polis

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city-state (50-500 mi., 10,000 residents)

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acropolis

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fortified hilltop for discussion areas

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agora

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marketplace

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Monarchy

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ruled by king

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Aristocracy

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ruled by small noble group of landowning families

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Oligarchy

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Ruled by few powerful people

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Democracy

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ruled by the people (Athens)

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Direct Democracy

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ruled by the people, and not through a representative

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Tyrants

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harsh rulers appealing to commoners for support

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Describe Athenian Education:

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Men schooled at age 7. Taught to read and write. Public-speaking, logic classes Women learned house education; wife duties

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Helots

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Slaves/peasants forced into labor

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phalanx

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a formation of hopites (spear and shield)

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Battle of Marathon

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King Darius angry after Athens helps Ionian rebels. 25,000 Persians land on Marathon. Athenian phalanx'es destroy and cause Persians to flee

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Pheidippides

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ran 26 miles to the city of Athens to encourage them to fight for the city. After stating "Rejoice, we conquer" he died of exhaustion

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Delean League

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Alliance of city-states formed during Greece's Golden Age

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Battle of Thermoplyae/Salamis

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7,00 Greeks, 300 spartans. 1). Greeks and Spartans hold off Persians for 3 days 2). Traitor leaks secret passage 3). Greeks take to small channel and fight Persian fleets. 4). Athens uses battering rams to sink most of Persian Navy 5). Leads to Athens' Golden Age

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Parthenon

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Athenian structure built to honor Athenia, goddess of wisdom & protector of Athens.

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Describe Athenian Art:

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Tragedy and Comedy (Madea, Oidepus)

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Herodotus

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Historian who pioneered accurate reporting of events

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Peloponnesian War

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1). Athens and Sparta both willingly enter war. 2). Athens sticks to sea, while Sparta takes land 3). Sparta burns Athenian food supply. Peasants retreat into Athens 4). Plague strikes Athens. 1/3 of population wiped out. 5). Sparta and Athens form treaty, but is broken after time. Athens sends men to Syracuse to hurt Sparta. 6). Sparta moves in. Athens loses wealth, power, and empire.

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Pericles

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Ruler during Athenian Golden Age

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Sophists

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Questioned unexamined beliefs about justice

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Socrates

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Encouraged to question oneself and Moral courage, finding truth, Sentenced to death for corrupting youth and not believing in gods.

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Plato

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Created idea of "Perfectly governed society" which included farmers and artisans, warriors, and rulers. Wrote "the Republic"

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Aristotle

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Pupil of Plato. Questioned nature of world & human behavior. Tutored Alexander the Great.

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Battle of Chaeronia

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Athens and Thebes fight against Macedonia; lose

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Persian War

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1). Alexander sends men into Persian territory and Anatolia 2). Mecedonia makes first move and crushes Persian defences. 3). Darius III sends men to defeat Macedonians. Outnumbered, Alexander has his cavalry attack, and they take over Anatolia. 4). Alexander declines peace treaty. Marches into Egypt. becomes pharaoh. Founds Alexandria. 5). Alexander faces Darius in Mesopotamia in Guagamela 6). Macedonians burn Persepolis to ground. Persian power lost.

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Who takes Alexander the Great's power?

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Antigonus, Ptomely, Seleucus

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Hellenistic Culture

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blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian culture

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Koine

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Spoken language in Hellenistic cities

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Aristachus

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concluded sun is much larger than Earth

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Ptomely

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inaccurately placed Earth in center of universe

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Erasthones

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Calculated circumference of earth

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Euclid

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Created geometric patterns. Wrote "the Elements"

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Archimedes

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Estimated value of Pi. Created archimedes screw. Involved in ship advances

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Colossus of Rhodes

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Ancient wonder of world.

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Roman Cosuls

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2 consuls elected for 1-year term.

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What was special about Alexander the Great's military?

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16x16 phalanx's. 18-foot spears. Cavalry in back

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Legions

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5,00 foot soldiers, cavalry in back

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Dictator

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leader with supreme power and control over government and military

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1st Punic War

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Control of Sicily & western Mediterranean. Carthage defeat

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2nd Punic War

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Hannibal sends men down Italian Peninsula. Rome suffers heavy losses, but with help from allies, prevents capturing of Rome

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3rd Punic War

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Rome lays siege to Carthage. 50,000 enslaved

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Myth of Founding of Rome

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Romulus and Remis. Float down Tigris river and are raised by a She-wolf.

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Tiberius and Gaius

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2 brothers bend on helping Rome's poor. Both met violent deaths, which led to Civil War.

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1st Triumvirate

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Julias Caesar, Crassus, Pompey

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Pax Romana

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Grace period in Rome after development of empire

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Greco-Roman Culture

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Mixture of Hellenistic, Greek, and Roman culture

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Frescoes

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Large, bright colored murals.

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Twelve Tables

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List of rules held in Forums for Romand to abide to

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Republic

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Citizens vote for their politic leaders

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Plebeians vs. Patricians

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Patricians - wealthy land owners. Held power Plebeians - commoners, farmers, artisans, merchants (majority of population)

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Diaspora

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Persecution of Jews in Roman era

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Martyr

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person willing to die for system or beliefs.

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mercenaries

answer

Foreign attackers; fought for money

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