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What is history?

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A way to understand the past through your ancestors.

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Early man:

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Existed 4-5 million years ago. Homo sapiens appeared 2,000 years ago in Africa.

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Archaeology

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Study of history or prehistoric people and cultures by Analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions,and monuments that have been excavated.

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Culture

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How you and your community live; foods you eat, holidays you celebrate, and religions. A peoples unique way of living pushed on by teaching.

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Paleolithic age

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Began in one million B.C.E and lasted 10,000 years. People were hunters and gatherers Made primitive tools

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Anthropology

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Study of man

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Neolithic age

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From 10,000-3200

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Five things Neolithic age is known for:

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1.) farming advances 2.) manipulating nature 3.) use of stone tools 4.) domestication of animals 5.) people lived in settlements

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Five progresses of Neolithic age:

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1.) settled down into cities 2.) improved eating habits; better diet 3.)surplus of food and people 4.) private property developed 5.) no written language

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Cuneiform:

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Was developed by Sumerians First form of writing Before cuneiform was pictograph writing Cuneiform means wedged shaped

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Cradle of civilization

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Mesopotamia

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Mesopotamian religion:

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Had a hierarchy of anthropomorphic gods. Gods were feared and considered evil. All city-states had their individual god, led to fighting. Some city states recognized other city state gods.

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Mesopotamian myth of Ishmar and Tammuz:

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Ishtar was the mother goddess of earth and was married to Tammuz. Tammuz died and went to the land of death and darkness. Ishtar was sad about this so she goes to the land and agrees to five earth's beauty to this land. Winter= Tammuz's dead, spring= Tammuz return

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Epic of Gilgamesh:

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Gilgamesh was king in Uruk This epic was the basis of Mesopotamian religion Includes flood story Examines quest for eternal life Oldest known story found in Nineveh library by king of Syria

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Mesopotamian social pyramid:

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1.) king; king 2.) nobility; relatives of king, chief priest, high palace officials, controlled the wealth 3.) commoners; framers, merchants, had a political voice 4.) slaves; no rights and no freedom. *rigid social pyramid*

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Women in Sumer:

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Had nearly equal rights; could own land, brewed own beer, were the healers, and make contracts.

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Who was Sargon the Akkadian?

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1.) was a Semitic chieftain; from Sumer 2.) conquered Sumer in 2221 BCE 3.) responsible for spreading Mesopotamian culture 4.) empire lasted from 2350-2200; fell due to drought 5.)focused on city of AKKAD

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Babylonia 1800:

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Amorites are a group of Semitic tribes from Arabia. Babylon is a village located in the Fertile Crescent in Mesopotamian region.

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Hammurabi:

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Was the sixth Amorite king Extended out his territory *most famous for Hammurabi's code Hammurabi= codifier

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Hammurabi's code:

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Purpose was to show the laws and punishments of Babylonia Based on social class It is mans greatest legal achievement until roman code of law in 550

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What are the periods and kingdoms in order?

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1.) early dynastic period 2.) the old kingdom 3.) age of nobles 4.)Middle Kingdom 5.) new kingdom: the birth of the Egyptian empire 3100-1550

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The Nile:

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Egypt is known as the gift to the Nile. Nile shaped Egyptian history, life, and society. Was a unifying factor to upper and lower egypt. Flows from north to south.

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Nile river//Mesopotamian Tigris and Euphrates: differences

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The Nile was a reliable water source for the Egyptians it fled annually. The Euphrates and Tigris were unreliable and often flooded crops or did not produce enough to grow crops.

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Egyptian religion//Mesopotamian religion: differences

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Egypt had a positive view on religion. Gods were viewed as peaceful and helped the Nile flood. Whereas Mesopotamian gods were seen as evil and angry. Reason the e and t rivers flooded unreliably. Life was a struggle.

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Egyptian life//Mesopotamian life: differences

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Egyptian life had a seed time, flood time, and harvest time. Life focused around Pharaoh's court Mesopotamia had no way to have seasons due to unreliable water source. Each city-states life centered around their city.

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Egyptian social class//Mesopotamian social class: differences

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Egypt had a fluid pyramid Mesopotamia had a rigid pyramid

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Egyptian leaders//Mesopotamian leaders: differences

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The pharaoh was the god king or living god. Each Mesopotamian city state had a god, but kings were just representatives of their god.

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Egypt//Mesopotamia: similarities

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Both Egypt and Mesopotamia had water provided that produced silt for agriculture Both supported a diverse population There was no need for everyone to be a farmer at this point

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Egyptian social pyramid:

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1.) pharaoh 2.) nobility; argued their ancestors had claimed the land long ago. 3.) artisans; had a specific occupation they specialized in. 4.) peasants; laborers

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Hieroglyphics

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Firstly used for religious purposes Around fifth century C.E it disappears until the Rosetta Stone that included three languages one of them being Hieroglyphics that helped translate.

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Old kingdom:

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2660-2180 Egypt experiences a time of: 1.) unity 2.) prosperity 3.) cultural growth 4.) trading 5.) building of pyramids

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Egyptian nomes:

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Egyptian districts ruled by nomarchs or regional governers.

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Nomarchs

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Decided level of taxes Allowed to maintain an army A lot of the money taxed by them went to pyramids Power did start at pharaoh but was divided between nomarchs

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Pharaoh:

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God king, living god of Egypt. Center of religion, army, and government Considered the person who should maintain ma'at or correct balance Were polygamous; had many wives

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Egyptian son god:

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Re/Ra

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Egyptian god of victories: d

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Amun

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Egyptian Falcon/sky god:

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Horus; unified Egypt and was who made pharaoh a god king

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Egyptian god of motherhood/fertility:

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Isis; married to her brother Osiris

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Egyptian River god:

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Osiris; responsible for flooding, married to Isis

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God of mummification

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Anubis; important to the afterlife

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Egyptian myth of Osiris and Isis:

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Osiris' brother Seth, who was jealous of his brother's power/marriage put Osiris in a box and thew him into the river. With the help of other gods, Isis finds a piece of her husband and makes herself pregnant and has Horus. Horus is to be king. Winter= Osiris' death. Spring= Isis so powerfully upset she brings back her husband as the king of the dead

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Mesopotamian myth of Ishmar and Tammuz//Egyptian myth of Isis and Osiris: similarities and differences:

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Both have an aspect of renewal and seasons Mesopotamia has a negative view of afterlife whereas Egypt does not Mesopotamia= land of death and darkness Egypt= king of the dead

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Pyramids:

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Was done by slave labor or peasants were paid to build them Peasants were subjects of the pharaoh and would have wanted to glorify him Tombs of pyramid were important because they were needed in the afterlife Tombs were filled with pets, favorite foods, the mummy, cats, and daily life necessities The pyramids were built during the old kingdom.

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Importance of afterlife is seen in:

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1.) mummies 2.) pyramids 3.) in cooperation of daily life in tombs 4.) duplicate life of earth 5.) fields of contentment

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Who could have an afterlife?

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Old kingdom: only Pharaohs Towards Middle Kingdom: nobilities too?= mummification grows

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Mummification:

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Process began because people thought that the spirit of the Pharaoh would need to enter the body every once in a while to refresh.

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The book of the dead:

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Were multiple books to guide mummies to field of contentment Included hymns(afterlife) and spells(transforming to earth in creatures.

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Age of nobles:

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Pharaoh's loose their divinity= not as important The nobility claimed hereditary rights Collapse of central authority Young Pharaoh's died and their young sons are too young to rule so the nobility takes over (nomarchs) Nobility claimed hereditary rights and no longer wanted to pay taxes= taxes rose Each nobility wanted to be king of their territory

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Mesopotamian//Egyptian: identities

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Mesopotamians were not identified as Mesopotamians, but as their city-state that had its own leader and religion. The Egyptians were identified as one whole society led by their pharaoh.

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Middle Kingdom:

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1.) revival of prosperity and stability; Egypt tool advantage of other resources around them in Nubia Pharaoh drained the swamps which equalled more farm land which equal them good again. 2.) economic imperialism; 3.) Capitol moves from Memphis to thieves 4.) weak kings that later lead to a decline *civil war breaks our that lasts 70 years that leads to entrance of the Hyksos

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Hyksos: in Egypt

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Were semi nomads who pushed into Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Sumer Invaders but was gradual and peaceful Were king Shepards considered semi barbaric From the levant; eastern shore of Mediterranean Their rude was widely accepted and they took on Egyptian traditions

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What did the Hyksos teach the Egyptians?

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1.) taught Egyptians how to make bronze 2.) how to wage war from a chariot with bow and arrows 3.) new techniques for spinning clothes

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Who was Ahmose?

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Ahmose 1 revolt was a man who started a revolt against the Hyksos Lasted six years Resulted in brining Egypt back together under Egyptian rule Ahmose battled to the Capitol and cut of the supplies (six years) Then took back upper egypt (twenty years) Died shortly after victory- did not see results.

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New kingdom: birth of Egyptian empire:

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1.) was the age of empire 2.) 500 years of economic prosperity and political stability 3.) known for monumental architecture and statues *by this point Egypt had captured Nubia and produced gold and monuments that represent this time period Ruler: king tut

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Who was Hatshepsut?

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Woman married to pharaoh tutmosis 2 Was a princess Considered a co ruler Had a child with tut that was a daughter Tut was more fond of another women whom he had a son with tutmosis 3 After tutmosis 2 died, Hatshepsut became regent of tut 3 because son was too young to rule While Hatshepsut was ruling she had paintings made depicting her as the main ruler Because Hatshepsut's father was king tutmosis 1 that would make her husband tutmosis 2 her brother as well and would make tutmosis 3 her nephew Hatshepsut ruled until she died Tut 3 ruined all her monuments *during all this time there was no protest of Hatshepsut's rule.

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Who was Amenhotep 5?

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Sent out of Egypt by father and came back when he died Was accentric in his religion 1.) created a new religion 2.) changes name because of religion due to Akenaten= aten was the son god Changes Egypt from a polytheistic religion to mono Thus religious changed angered Egyptians 3.) was anti luxury Focused solely on religion Covered other god's names and replaced it with aten *people were repressed for their polytheistic religion*

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Who was Nefertiti? (1370-1330)

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Was considered the most beautiful woman of her time Had six daughters Had a romantic relationship with Akenaten Supported aten religion Evidence she co ruled One of the most powerful woman rulers in history

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Who was king Tutankhamen? (1300s)

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Son of Akenaten and one of his sisters; not Nefertiti's son Pharaoh at 8/9 died 17/19 Changed religion back to polytheistic Moved capitol back to Memphis from thieves Had one of the best tombs Had a degenerative bone disease Had a clubbed foot and needed cane Overall a sickly pharaoh Died to his disease, foot, and possibly malaria.

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King Ramses 2 (1298-1231):

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Considered the best pharaoh Was 6ft'2 and lived to be 99 Ruled over 60 years Had 160 children Was originally from a military family and moved up due to his skill *most famous for battle of kadesh During reign empire was threatened by Hittites.

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Hittite empire:

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Settled in present day turkey back then Anatolia Came into conflict with Egypt Expanded into Mesopotamia Leader responsible for first expansion was *hattusilis Success was due to assimilation of the Hittite people When moving into Mesopotamia Hittites made schools to help people conform Hattusilis did not like his sons therefore chose grandson to take over Ramses and hattusilis caught over territory at kadesh Hittites had an empire for 500 years.

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Hittite greatness due to:

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1.) iron weapons; advantage in battle 2.) diplomacy; formed alliances and negotiated 3.) battle of kadesh; did not win, but showed good military skills 4.) alliance with Egypt later on * controlled much of the east in their 500 years.

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What was the battle of kadesh?

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Between Egyptian empire and Hittite empire The Hittites sent spies into Egyptian territory to trick the Egyptians into think the Hittites were a full day away. That morning the Hittites surprise attacked and the Egyptians only one due to their reinforcements coming in near the end of the battle. * fought another 15 years before alliance

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Fall if Egyptian and Hittite empire:

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The fall was due to the sea peoples Sea peoples came from Mediterranean Sea Happened in 13 century B.C.E

Ancient and medieval history unit one – Flashcards

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