Ancient and Medieval History Final Exam – Flashcards
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Etruscans
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people from Etruria , ( north of Rome) that took control of Rome and Latium. Ruled Rome for more than 100 years. Built up Rome, streets, temples. Skilled metal workers Rome became rich from mining and trade
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Aeneas
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a mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War
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Latin Right
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a system of rewards given to conquered peoples which always required military aid for Rome and would eventually lead to citizenship
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Commercium
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to be allowed to trade in roman markets, if u r a socii or an alliance
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Connubium
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socii can marry romans
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Migratio
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the movement of people within a country or region
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Senate
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assembly possessing high legislative powers
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Lucretia
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She represented Roman honor, virtue and everything good about Roman women. She was raped by Tarquin's son, and he threatened to kill her if she told anyone. She killed herself as a result, causing the Romans to rebel against the Etruscans, freeing themselves from their Etruscan overlords.
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Res Publica
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a politically organized body of people under a single government
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Legion
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a large military unit
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Cincinnatus
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Roman statesman regarded as a model of simple virtue
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Patricians
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The wealthy class in Roman society; landowners
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Plebs
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common people
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Tribunes
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An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.
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Law of the Twelve Tables
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In 40 B.C when the Roman government wrote the laws of Rome on 12 tablets. This made Plebeians capable to appeal against patrician judge. Now they would be obeyed because the laws were strictly written down, and all citizens know to follow the laws.
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Gaius Octavius
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Caesar's grand nephew Adopted by Caesar after he heard him give a moving eulogy at his grandmothers funeral C took him on an expedition, but Octavian did not fight Was finishing his education when he heard of Caesar's death, and that Caesar had named him heir Ruled with the help of Agrippa, and the Senate wanted Octavian to take down Marc Antony and his rebel forces
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Mark Antony
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Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars
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Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
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a member of the second triumvirate with Octavian and Mark Antony and a great supporter of Julius Caesar before his assassination, Lepidus assumed rule of western provinces after the defeat of the assassins at the battle of Philippi, but Octavian accused him of usurping power in Sicily and attempting rebellion, so Lepidus was stripped of his powers and disappeared into obscurity, dying peacefully
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Brutus
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statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar (85-42 BC)
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Cassius
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prime mover in the conspiracy against Julius Caesar (died in 42 BC)
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Philippi
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a city in ancient Macedonia that was important in early Christianity
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Actium
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an ancient town on a promontory in western Greece
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Imperator
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emperor
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Augustus
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Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC
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Trajan
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Roman emperor and adoptive son of Nerva
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Hadrian
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Roman Emperor who was the adoptive son of Trajan
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Pontifex Maximus
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the high priest of Rome, the head of Roman state religion; he appointed and oversaw the vestal virgins.
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Five Good Emperors
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Five consecutive Roman emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius) distinguished by their benevolence and moderation.
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Pax Romana
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the Roman peace
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Dead Sea Scrolls
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(Old Testament) a collection of written scrolls (containing nearly all of the Old Testament) found in a cave near the Dead Sea in the late 1940s
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Saul of Tarsus (Paul)
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First king of Israel; persecuted Christians until he became a Christian , excepted the faith, and changed his name to Paul.
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Ekklesia
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a Greek word that means church. (Jesus' church is the community that he will gather and like a building, it will have a solid foundation (peter))
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Episcopos
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bishop
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Septimus Severus
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Ruler of North Africa under Roman rule, helped spread Christianity
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Caracalla
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AD 211-217. The son of Septimius Severus, famous for the baths he build near Rome. Ruthless, he killed his own brother Geta, but he also granted citizenship to all free men within the empire. He believed he was the reincarnation of Alexander the Great. Ultimately, he was murdered.
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SPQR
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stands for "Senatus Populus Que Romanus" and translates to the Senate and the People of Rome; the symbol is found emblazoned on light posts, mailboxes, street signs, and other municipal fixtures in modern-day Rome.
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Boudica
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British queen who tried to rebel against the Roman army
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Publius Virgilius Maro (Virgil)
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70-19 BCE. A poet of rich descent; Notable for the Ecoleagues, The Georgics, The Aeneid.
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Horace
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Roman lyric poet said to have influenced English poetry (65-8 BC)
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Ovid
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Roman poet remembered for his elegiac verses on love (43 BC - AD 17)
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Juvenal
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Roman satirist who denounced the vice and folly of Roman society during the reign of the emperor Domitian (60-140)
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Tacitus
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silent
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Colosseum
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amphitheater in Rome built about AD 75 or 80
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Aqueduct
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a conduit that resembles a bridge but carries water over a valley
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Nero
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Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68)
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Peter Abelard
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French philosopher and theologian
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Heloise
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student and mistress and wife of Abelard (circa 1098-1164)
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Henry II
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first Plantagenet King of England
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Gaius Octavius
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Grandnephew of Caesar, heir to his position, who was a member of the second triumvirate, ruling the West, and became Augustus
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King Otto I
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He led an army to support the Pope in the 960's against the Lombard Magnates and was crowned by the pope the First Holy Roman Emperor.
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Justinian
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Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians
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Corpus Juris Civilis
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New code of the Roman Law decided by Justinian I in 529 CE that made Orthodox Christianity the law of the land. It means the "body of civil law"
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Byzantium
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a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395
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Iconoclaust
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one who attacks common belief or instutions
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Iconodule
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One who supports or is in favor of religious images or icons and their veneration, and is in opposition to an Iconoclast, someone against the use of religious images.
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Hagia Sophia
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Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.
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Muhammad
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the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
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Mecca
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a place that attracts many visitors
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Medina
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the ancient quarter of many cities in northern Africa
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Qu'ran
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the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
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Caliphate
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the era of Islam's ascendaancy from the death of Mohammed until the 13th century
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Merovingians
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The family line that had a Frankish ruling dynasty from 450 to 751. They ruled over the Frankish Empire much of which is now present day Germany. They were founded by Merovech and brought to prominence by Clovis.
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Iona
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a place where Columba formed a monastery that welcomed artists, saints and kings
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Lindisfarne
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most famous Celtic monastery because of the great Gospels that came out of there
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Sutton Hoo
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of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of the 6th century and early 7th century, one of which contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of artifacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance.
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Staffordshire Hoard
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8th Century, Staffordshire (W. England)
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Canterbury
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a town in Kent in southeastern England
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Gregory the Great
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(Roman Catholic Church) a pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership
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Boniface
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the owner or manager of an inn
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Rus'
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the medieval Russian state established by Scandanavian traders in the 9th century
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Orthodox Christianity
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A branch of Christianity developed in the Byzantine Empire, after its split from the Roman Empire. It spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Russia.
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Seljuqs
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Nomadic people from central Asia that take control of the muslim empire. They rule through the Sultan
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Fatimids
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people who claimed they were descended by Muhammad's daughter Fatima. The Shi'a Muslims formed the Fatimid Caliphate around 1258 in North Africa but it eventually spread to western Arabia and Syria.
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Abassids
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a family that took over the caliphate after the Ummayads. capital was baghdad.
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Alexius Comnenus
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Emperor of Byzantium (1081-1118) whose reign was marked by the First Crusade (1096-1099).
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Pope Urban II
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Pope who called for the first Crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims
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Peter the Hermit
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french religious leader who led one of the bands of the first crusades
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Pogrom
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organized persecution of an ethnic group (especially Jews)
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Anatolia
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a peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey
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Clermont
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name of Fulton's steam engine, nicknamed Fulton's Folly
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Antioch
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a town in southern Turkey
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Capture of Jerusalem
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Surround the city with very little food and supplies. Use siege towers to break through the walls and begin a sack of the city. For two days and nights they ran rampant killing almost all the people in the city. Set fire to the Synagogue.
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Jihad
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a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal
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Salah ad-Din
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Muslim leader who retained control of the Holy Land during the third Crusade
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Leonardo Fibonacci
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Fibonacci Sequence
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Avicenna
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Arabian philosopher and physician
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Averroes
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Arabian philosopher born in Spain
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Umar Khayyam
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one of the most famous poets of Islam.
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Maimonides
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Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204)
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Thomas Becket
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The archbishop of Canterbury, close friend of Henry who later opposed his attempt to bring Church/clergy into royal court system. Murdered by Henry's knights, then declare a saint by the Church
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Richard the Lionheart
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son of Henry II and King of England from 1189 to 1199
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John I
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Was disliked because of his demands for higher taxes causing barons to rebel forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1255
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Magna Carta
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the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
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Parliament
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a card game in which you play your sevens and other cards in sequence in the same suit as their sevens
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Phillip II Augustus
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(1180-1223) waged war against plantagenet rulers in england, gained control of them which made power of french monarchy grow
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Frederick Barbossa
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Holy Roman Emperor who fought for years to bring the wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control, Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190
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Pope Alexander III
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held the 3rd Lateran council which removed approval by lower cardinals
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Frederick II
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the Holy Roman Emperor who led the Sixth Crusade and crowned himself king of Jerusalem (1194-1250)
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Navarre
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A province in Spain
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Aragon
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Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII
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Portugal
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a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula
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Decretum
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decree
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Pope Innocent III
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Pope from 1198 to 1216 and led the papacy to its height in power...he was a skilled diplomat and a great political leader...he believed that emperors and kings were servant of the church.. he dominated almost all of Europe
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Fourth Lateran Council of 1215
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forced jews to wear distinctive clothing
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Pepin
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Charles Martel's son. first king to have the pope's blessing
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Charlemagne
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king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor
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Pope Leo III
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Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, 800
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Pontius Pilate
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Roman Governer who sentenced Jesus to death
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Pope John XII
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crowned Otto Holy Roman Emperor in 962
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Hugh Capet
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King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996)
