question

What animals echolocate? [birds (2) mammals (4)]

answer

birds:Swiftlets, oilbirds mammals: shrews, bats, whales, tenrecs

question

how many times has echolocation evolved in mammals?

answer

4x

question

what type of echolocation do bats use?

answer

laryngeal echolocation

question

is the laryngeal echo in bats more or less sophisticated than the echolocation seen in mammals?

answer

much more

question

whats the mammalian order of bats?

answer

chiroptera

question

What are the two different groups of bats studied?

answer

microchiroptera and megachiroptera

question

How do the two different groups of bats differ in their echolocation abilities?

answer

Megabats do NOT usually echolocate with some exceptions (tounge clicks) Microbats DO usually echolocate

question

What does it mean to say bats are cosmopolitan?

answer

they live all over the place

question

hows the diet of bats? why is it like this?

answer

wide range of things due to the many foraging specializations they have

question

in terms of diet many bats eat .........

answer

insects

question

What were the two major studies aimed at understanding echolocation?

answer

Spallanzi -Studied the mechanism of navigation through hearing by depriving hearing and vision in bats. Vision didn't impare their navigation skills but hearing did! Griffin -found that bats generate and hear high frequency sounds -Found that bats use echolocation to avoid obstacles by depriving them of hearing and vocalization

question

What can bats use echolocation to tell? (4)

answer

texture position movement size TPMS

question

Bats use echolocation for what 3 things (all are "-tions") Explain each one thoroughly

answer

1. Detection of prey in environment (separate from backround) 2. Classification of prey (shape size texture material) 3. Localization of prey (in terms of distance, horizontal [azimuthal] and vertical [elevation] angles and motion)

question

How does sound change in the environment?

answer

it attenuates (gets diminished) in air

question

How do bats emit the sound (e.g. from where)

answer

Sound produced by the larynx and emitted through the nose of mouth

question

What are some costs/complications of echolocation?

answer

1. cant pulse or breathe 2. air reduces sound so you need to be close to your target 3. you dont want to deafen yourself

question

What happens when bats perceive a smooth surface?

answer

They mistake it for water and try to drink from it. (reflects sound just like water does)

question

What is on the x and y axis of a spectrograph?

answer

...

question

the design of a bats call fits its (........) strategy bc...........

answer

foraging bc they vary with what food they eat and where they live

question

Problems bats could potentially encounter (but can dodge) when echolocating?

answer

Clutter Other prey Stationary Objs Other bats Ground Vegetation

question

How do bats prevent self deafening?

answer

2 muscles in their ear that stabilize the bones (ossicles) during pulses

question

Two kinds of bat calls are...... give a sub category for each call

answer

CF (constant frequency) = change only a few hundred Hz Sub = quasi CF = change only a few hundred KHz FM (fundamental modulation) Sub = harmonics = multiples of a fundamental frequency

question

Physical Adaptations/modification bats have to make way for/enhance echolocation are (3 places on body with examples)

answer

Sketeton -Cochlea (ear) -Hyoid (tounge) Noses -Nose Leaf -Chambers/Cavities Ears -Tragus -Pinnae

question

sound transmission in bats happens one of two ways. name those two ways.

answer

out of the -mouth -nose

question

Some bats don't use standard echolocation... what do they use? give animal example

answer

they use tounge flicks ie rousettus (fruit bats)

question

How does echolocation help humans?

answer

Allows the blind to be able to "see" without using their eyes

question

How many times has echolocation evolved in bats?

answer

At least twice

question

explain the Arms race in bats

answer

bats have evolved to be capable of echolocation in order to detect and catch prey

question

Do all whales echolocate? Which do? Which don't?

answer

NO only the dear odontocetes (toothed whale) all the rest dont

question

Which animal's echolocation did we know of first? Whales or bats?

answer

BATS (whales was decades after griffins findings)

question

What kinds of echolocation calls do whales have?

answer

SONAR (echo thats underwater)

question

What is the difference entre sonar and echolocation?

answer

sonar is under water and therefore more efficient than echolocation in air

question

Range of call frequencies?? Humans, Bats Toothed whales Baleen whales

answer

...

question

How do toothed whales produce sound??

answer

1. pass pressurized air thru narrowed region just anterior to the nasal sacs 2. sound bounces off (....) in front of skull 3. sound focused as it passes through the melon (lens shaped fatty structure)

question

What sounds do baleen whales produce?

answer

whistles (low frequency over long distances) NOT ECHO

question

what does detection range depend on?

answer

amplitude and frequency

question

role of the nose leaf? if you dont have it what do you have instead?

answer

enhance diffs between energy reflected from object in focal area vs in the periphery (helps them zero in on target) no noseleaf = huge pinnae (ears)

question

what does the tragus help bats with?

answer

vertical localization

question

are micro and mega bets monophyletic?

answer

NOO

question

is echolocation relatively new in bats or was it seen a long ass time ago too?

answer

guuuuur we saw echolocating bats in the EOCENE (56 to 33.9 million years ago)

question

*********DEFINE FITNESS!!!**************

answer

the ability to pass on genes through survival and reproduction an individuals contribution to the gene pool number of progeny

question

Why might behavior be the first thing that natural selection acts upon?

answer

because behavior is quickly changed while proteins and tissues take time to change.

question

explain the argument of origin of a trait vs its maintenance with the example used in class

answer

birds prob 1st roosted in trees to avoid predators (origin). this predator is still around so they keep roosting (maintenance). if predator goes extinct, theres no reason to STOP roosting so they will continue to do so in absence of predator.

question

What the biggest problem with trying to study the evolution of behavior? How can we overcome this and study it anyway?

answer

behavior doesn't leave fossils comparative method of evolution

question

what example was used to talk about comparative evo of behavior? who did the research?

answer

Whistling moths (yack and fullard)

question

explain the whistling moth example in terms of the noctuid and saturnid moths and how we can use comparative evolution to find out about their sounds.

answer

Male noctuid moths make ultrasonic sounds by beating their wings together to attract mates and mark territories. Hearing the noise is achieved by using the tympanic membranes on the thorax that may have evolved via cumulative selection. Comparatively we see that saturnid moths also have membranes on the thorax and both moths have mechanoreceptor sensory cells attached to this area. These sensors give feedback about wing vibration and position. Primarily, they had these adapations to hear the echolocation of predators (bats). Slowly, through thinning in this region, along with enlargement of respiratory cavity and modifications to the frequency sensitivity in the mechanoreceptors), they gained the ability to hear males calls because they already had the hardware for hearing high frequency sounds (sensory exploitation)

question

what did playback experiments suggest about the whistling moths?

answer

they make sounds to attract mates and mark territories

question

whats sensory exploitation? Give an animal example.

answer

production of a signal that takes advantage of an already existing sensory process WATER MITES: females stand in net stance waiting for meal to pass by. courting males will shake a leg at her to elicit response female will grab male as if he is prey but soon release him male will drop some sperm in front of her that she can grab if shes receptive.

question

explain heather proctors research

answer

looked into water mites and how hunger effects the females likelihood to respond to a male using sensory exploitation techniques (shaking leg). hungry females are more likely to respond than well fed females the net stance therefore preceded the evolution of the male leg tremble.

question

whats mobbing behavior? (def)

answer

detecting a predator by drawing attention to it

question

what topic did hans kuurk study? explain hans kruk's research on black headed gulls (including the 2 graphs :])

answer

wanted to test the idea of mobbing behavior found that the gulls (who often nest in colonies) will call/divebomb if predators approach postulated that if this behavior is adaptive then nests further from the colony would have increased predation theres selection for how everyone in the group responds to a predator and what the prey does depends on what the neighbors do. the cost benefit curve (distance from predator vs amt of cost to benefit) shows us this

question

what topic did tinbergen study/test that relevant to this exam? how?

answer

the effect of broken eggshells (in the nest) on predation/why gulls remove their broken shells after hatching felt that broken eggshells attract attn to the nest so removing shells (as black head gulls instinctively do) would reduce predation risk test: put broken eggshells at diff distances from intact egg shells to see if that affected to chance the intact shells would be found results: closer broken shells were to intact eggs, more intact eggs were eaten SO gulls remove the broken ones to reduce predation risk and ultimately increase reproductive success

question

how can we track the removal of egg shells in black headed gulls back in history? (where could it have originated?)

answer

prob was a genetic mutation. saw that it increased nest success. the gene was passed on and then everyone had it/does it

question

darwin synthesized a theory of (.....) by (....)(.....)

answer

evo by nat selec

question

what were some ideas that were prevalent when darwin was around? what ideas did he bring about after seeing the marine snail shells in the high mountains?

answer

earth is 6000 yo (young) and species are fixed (they dont change) earth is old (thanks fossils) and changing (thanks lyell). living things evolve over generations and descend from earlier life forms

question

what are evolutionary adaptations? what a good animal example of evo adapts and whats are those adapts (3)

answer

inherited characteristics that enhance ability to survive and reporduce (they bestow fitness) BLUE FOOTED BOOBIE -has lg webbed feet that help propel it thru water at high speeds -has streamlined shape, nostrils that close and lg tail for diving -salt secreting glads manage salt intake while at sea

question

What did Lyell say? Lamarck?

answer

lyell: land forms changed constantly lamark: organisms change & changes pass on to progeny

question

what year was origin of the species written? what did is present?

answer

1859 presented nat selec as the mechanism of evolution (evolution over generations and descent with modification)

question

who was wallace?

answer

a guy who was around at the same time as darwin and his interaction with darwin lead to his written stuff

question

what were darwins postulates?? give examples of each.

answer

1. theres heritable variation (dog breeds, human traits [handedness, BP, stature]) 2. theres a struggle for existence (limited resources = competition) 3. variation influences the struggle (black headed gulls with egg shell removal allele lose fewer eggs so they have better fitness and the allele moves on to next gen)

question

define evolution

answer

the change in allele (gene) population over time

question

define population

answer

group of organisms of same species

question

define nat selec

answer

mechanism of evolution differential success in reproduction of varients in a pop

question

in behavior whats the unit of selection?

answer

the individual

question

lightly explain the evo of communication with two examples!!

answer

whistling moths had an adaptation that allowed them to hear bats and this lead to them being capable of hearing sounds made by each other water mites use the adaptation of female snatching food to mate.

question

what is communication? how does it occur (different ways)?

answer

communication = the transmission and reception of signals visual, acoustic, electric, olfactory, tactile

question

whats a signal? what kind of info can it carry? is it always accurate?

answer

signal = packet of energy generated by an individual thats selected for its effects in altering the behavior of a 2nd indiv. can carry visual, acoustic, electric, olfactory, tactile info not always accurate (ie could benefit one indiv and not the other)

question

What does a signal have to do with an animals biology/environment?

answer

signal type depends on both of these factors

question

whats a cue? how is it diff from a signal?

answer

action/trait from which a receiver may acquire info and make a decision (doesnt alter behavior!!!)

question

whats a ritualization? give an example of one!

answer

process of signal evolution from a cue ex.

question

what two routes can a cue take when it turns into turn into a signal (define em and give examples)

answer

1. true/honest communication - exchange of signal to benefit both parties ex. herring gulls and red spot pecking 2. Manipulation/Deceit - deceptive signals that benefit sender but not receiver ex. monarch butterfly's wings look like eyes to drive away prey; viceroys too

question

selection operates by acting on the sender (and/or) the receiver

answer

and

question

which cue route is rare in nature?

answer

honest signaling/true communication

question

give other examples of signal exploitation (no water mites or whistling moths)

answer

crickets - they use calls to attract mates but could be heard by fly that will lay its eggs on the male and let the larvae eat him when they hatch. fireflies - females signal males of different species and trick him into coming over and eat him.

question

what are some examples of what is being communicates amongst animals

answer

-senders identity -locations -conflict -sexual interactions -social integration - parent offspring exchanges

question

how does bee communication work?

answer

they use a symbolic language/dance to tell others where they have found a good food source 2 dances 1. round - info about close food 2. waggle - rich food source far away

question

what do dart frogs communicate with their color?

answer

that they are poisonous/toxic that they are the species they are

question

pros and cons of visual communication?

answer

pros -instant transmission -can carry lg amounts of info -highly specific -can be done with body color/something constant cons -cant go over distance -easily blocked by interferance -requires light

question

define phermone. what are some instances of use in the animal kingdom?

answer

chemical substance emitted by animals that triggers natural behavioral responses in another member of the same species ex - silkworm moths, injured catfish

question

what can a phermone be used for? (5)

answer

marking territory telling others your hurt (catfish) lure mates (lions) lure prey (spiders) find prey (mosquitos and co2)

question

how does a queen bee's phermones work?

answer

it gets on the worker bees -prevents rearing of other queen -attracts other males to their hive

question

pros and cons of chemical communication?

answer

pros -sender doesnt have to be present -works in the dark -works over long distances -last long time cons -dissipates over time (if marking territory you must return and remark)

question

how does tactile comm work in bees

answer

the waggle dance! its done in the dark

question

whats another example of tactile comm (the action)? what does it build/maintain? whos it seen in?

answer

social grooming builds/maintains social bonds seen in monkeys, parrots, humans

question

acoustic communication is generally produced by? how else doe (with examples)?

answer

structures that have evolved in asso with the respiratory system others -striking objs (ie rabbit/deer stomp ground, beavers slap water, woodpeckers drum trees) -rubbing appendages together

question

mammals have larynx. birds have......

answer

syrinx

question

how does electrical comm work? example?

answer

weaklly electric fish (ie eels) comm using electrical signals

question

What are some species that do not reproduce sexually? as many as ya can

answer

Aphids wasps mites crustaceans vascular plants whiptail lizards geckos fish snails fungi protozoa bellidoid rotifers

question

How does reproduction work in asexual whiptails?

answer

parthenogenic females court other parthenogenic females in a male like manner (they even pseudocopulate)

question

how did sex evolve? why is it an evo mystery? which type of repro results in more genes getting passed on.

answer

selection must have lead to its origin/continued existance. mystery bc nat selec favors the individual that passes on genes and usually males nothing but sperm. however pathenogenic females have an advantage bc they pass on 2x the amount of genes.

question

if there were a genetic polymorphism in a population between an asexual and sexual female, who would have a huge fitness advantage?

answer

asexual since male contribute nothing but sperm

question

what are some costs of sex? be specific with examples

answer

-displays are expensive in terms of energy and resources (ie. male bower birds construct towers and decorate em with objs for weeks to attract mate) -can interfere with foraging (ie. female water striders are ridden by the males after copulation) -seeking mates is dangerous bc you can attract predators (ie tree frogs and crickets call to attract mates but the call is also heard by predators)

question

explain this flat wing mutation in crickets

answer

these crickets in hawaii evolved to be silent and have a wing mutation that does not allow them to chirp. they dont get eaten by ormia (parasitic flies) larvae anymore :)

question

what are the benefits of sex (2)

answer

1. "The "Red Queen Hypothesis" = Recombination of genes provides the genetic diversity (ie parasite host arms race = a vascular plant evolves to defend itself against smut aka fungal parasites and ends up surviving then parasites evolve then plant etc) (ex pocelliopsis in MEXICO: asexual strains seen to struggle more parasitism than sexual strains in the same streams; genetic variability gives them staying power) 2. Muller's Rachet" = Without recombination, mutation can drive an asexual species extinct (bad mutations however can accumulate bc without recomb its inevitable/no way to collect favorable mutations) SEX KEEPS EVO GOING. WE NEED EVO TO NOT GO EXTINCT

question

what are some benefits of reproducing sexually instead of asexually??

answer

1. bet hedging 2. offspring are more varied (ensure survival of a few against pathogens wired for parental gen)

question

In a changing environment sex may be good - why? In an unchanging environment sex may be a disadvantage - why? (ex?)

answer

change good bc a few are ensured survival. unchange bad bc parental types were obvi successful enough to reproduce (slime mold change from asex to sex when environment changes)

question

describe the sexual roles of each sex in Satin bowerbirds. in red winged black birds

answer

males build bowers and decorate them. they display for female to convince her to mate. will vandalize others bowers to increase chances. most dont get to copulate. they provide no parental care and copulate with as many females as possible. black birds have sexual dimorphism. male is more ornate and colorful. he is very showy and copulates with as many females as possible. females also go off and have sex with other males occasionally

question

how does sex determination work?

answer

1. # of sets of chromosomes!!! theres many different catagories that sex determ comes from: -diploid = genes from mom and dad (heterogametic vs homogametic) -haploid = genes from unfertilized egg (females choose whether to fert or nah) 2. environmental conditions -cold temps = females; low temps = males or reverse -social or physiological status of individual 3. food situation 4. free will ie wolbaccia can feminize host

question

what are hermaphrodites? who is commonly seen as a hermaphrodite?

answer

an animal that can function/repro as both female and male at some point in its life cycle ie - Fish, annelids, plants

question

How are males and females in conflict? How does this relate to hermaphrodites?

answer

females have high investment in offspring so they need to be choosy while males have a low investment in offspring so they need to be promiscuous. hermas are a combo of both!

question

diff types of hermaphrodites? examples?

answer

1. simultaneous - male and female at same time ex. mollusks, bryozoans and barnacles ex. hermaphroditic slugs 2. sequential - change from a. m2f (Protoandrous) or b. f2m (Protogynous) ex. a. crepidula fornicata m2f (adv to being large female so they wait till maturity) b. stoplight parrot fish, blue headed wrasse f2m

question

what is life history evo

answer

timeline of life birth maturity reproduction cease of reproduction death

question

from a fitness perspective what are the only 2 imp life events?

answer

repro and death

question

what traits determine the timing and details of repro and death? (6)

answer

1. age at first repro 2. life span 3. mode/freq of repro 4. fecundity (# of offspring produced) 5. parental care 6. viability of offspring

question

what are some life history q's? (3)

answer

1. why do animals age/die? 2. how many offspring should an individual produce in a given year 3. how large should each offspring be?

question

What is a promiscuous mating system?

answer

no strong pair bonds or lasting relationships between partners

question

What are examples of monogamous species?

answer

prarie voles black vultures

question

What does monogamy have to do with parental care?

answer

males help feed young and assist in raising kids

question

Why is monogamy more common in birds then in mammals?

answer

male assistance is essential in rearing young and ensuring highest fitness

question

What is sexual dimorphism? Give an example.

answer

males and females have diff external morphologies diff in appearence entre the sexes ex lions, zebra finches, peacocks, red winged black bird

question

What causes sexual dimorphism?

answer

polygamous mating systems differing selective pressures between the sexes

question

Are humans sexually dimorphic? What about relative to other primates?

answer

YES. NO. they're way more evident

question

Polygyny def? examples?

answer

one male with multiple females ex = CA elephant seals (fight over territories and mate with all females on territory), megachilis bees (guard the flowers that females specialize on and mate on the flower)

question

diff types of polygamy? def each one

answer

polygyny - one male multiple females polyandry - on female mutiple males polygynandry - mutiple females with multiple males

question

What is resource-based polygyny? What is non-resource-based polygyny? Can you give an example of each?

answer

resource based = males defend some resource to sustain several females ex. CA elephant seal bc male male competition is intensified for the resource (beach) non resource based = males all agrregate in one area to show off for visiting females and females choose ex. lek where females are choosy and males showy female choice is intense here

question

Which sex has the more variable mating success?

answer

male

question

Which sex has the lower paternity certainty?

answer

male

question

How does mating success and paternity certainty relate to parental care and mating system?

answer

if you are successful at copulation thats only half the battle. you would have to be sure that your genes are getting passed on before you commit to taking care of children.

question

External vs. internal fertilizers- who has the higher paternity certainty? How does this relate to likelihood of paternal care?

answer

external has high paternity certainty. relates because if they know they are the father they will raise the child

question

What is sexual selection (define) What are some examples?

answer

type of nat selec imposed in individuals based on the ability to obtain a mate and/or successfully copulate

question

Mate choice (intersexual selection)

answer

...

question

Mate competition (intrasexual selection)

answer

...

question

*Female choice (intersexual selection)

answer

...

question

Who came up with Sexual Selection? What did this person try to apply it to? What did people have the biggest problem with?

answer

...

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