Anatomy & Physiology – Cytology – Flashcards
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anatomy
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the study of body structure
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physiology
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the study of body function
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cytology
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the study of cells
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the cell
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- cell is the smallest organized unit of living matter - cells may be different in size or shape, but the structure is the same
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five characteristics of cells
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1. irritability 2. motility 3. Metabolism 4. growth 5. reproduction
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irritability
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- responds to change in its environment - reacts to stimuli
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motility
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- ability to move - movement by self population or movement by contractibility
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metabolism
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- total of all physical or chemical process that takes place within a cell -
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anabolism
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build up process — simple to more complex
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catabolism
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break down process — break down of food for energy by the cell and excretion of end products of the breaking down process
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growth
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cells grow by mitosis
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reproduction
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- division of the ovum - structural part of the cell
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three major parts of the cell
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1. cell membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. nucleus
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cell membrane
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- Encloses the cell and forms the outer boundary of the cell - Primary function is to control what moves into and out of the cell
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cytoplasm
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- The cellular material between the nucleus and the cell membrane - structures inside of cell cytoplasm = organelles - each organelle has a specific function
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organelles
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endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, centrioles, cilia, and flagella
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endoplasmic reticulum
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- Circulatory system of the cell - It is a passageway for the transport of material necessary for cell function
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ribosomes
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Protein factories (makes protein) and also makes enzymes
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mitochondria
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- Chemical reaction - power plant = energy - supply most of the power for the cell
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lysosomes
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- Digest food and digest microbes that invade cells - Destroy old or damaged cells by digesting them; this process can cause inflammation in our tissues - Is a form of cell protection
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Golgi apparatus
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- Makes carbohydrate compounds and packages them for exertion outside the cell - Also makes a substance call mucus
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centrioles
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- small paired bodies that function in cell division - important in cell reproduction
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cilia
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- Hair-like extensions on the on the surface of some cells - The cilia move in union and move material across the cell surface
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flagella
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- Single projection extending from the cell surface - Provides movement - Only human cell FLAGELLA is the sperm cell
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nucleus
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- Function in reproduction of the cell - Coordination of all activity of all organelle of the cell (cell parts)
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parts of nucleus
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- Every cell has a nucleus except RBCs - DNA contains the coded genetic information (chromosomes) for the cell
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functions of cells
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- Movement of products in and out of the cell - Reproduction of cells
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2 types of transport processes that act to move substances through the cell membrane
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active transport and passive transport
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active transport
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- movement of substances from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration - Energy is required for this process (e.g., moving a rock uphill)
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passive transport
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- movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration - No energy required (e.g., rock rolls downhill)
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3 types of passive transport
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1. diffusion 2. osmosis 3. filtration
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diffusion
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- substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space - this is the opposite of Active Transport - substances in greater concentration move to areas of lesser concentration until equal
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osmosis
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movement of Water only to areas of lesser concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
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filtration
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movement of substance (solids or liquids) through the cell membrane because of a pushing force (pressure) on one side of the membrane
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reproduction of cells - mitosis
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- When the cells reproduces itself - 1 cell with 46 chromosomes (DNA molecules) divide to form 2 identical cells, each with 46 chromosomes
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steps in mitosis
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- DNA molecules (chromosomes) make exact copy of itself - Chromosomes align themselves across the center of the cell (separate move to middle) - Chromosome strands move to opposite ends of the cell - A cleavage begins to form - 2 nuclei form and 2 separate daughter cells are formed each with a nucleus and 23 pair of chromosomes in each cell (equal 46 total) each cell is now fully functional
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two types of metabolism
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anabolism and catabolism
