question

elements

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substance composed of only one type of atom that cannot be broken into simpler constituents by chemical means

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compounds

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chemical combination of two or more elements

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atoms

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smallest particle of a chemical element that retains the properties of that element; particles that combine to form molecules

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subatomic particles

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particles that make up atoms; neutrons, protons, electrons

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nucleus

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dense, central core of an atom

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protons

answer

positively charged subatomic particle

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neutrons

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neutral subatomic particle

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electrons

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small, negatively charged subatomic particle

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atomic number

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number of protons in an atom of an element

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mass number (atomic mass)

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number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom of an element

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energy level

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limited region surrounding the nucleus of an atom at a certain distance containing electrons; shell

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octet rule

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atoms with fewer or more than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability

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inert

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stable element; maximum amount of electrons in outer shell

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atomic weight

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average atomic mass of an atom of an element as it is found in nature; atomic weights are usually found in the periodic table of elements

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radioisotope

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unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particles and radiation

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decay

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emition of nuclear particles and radiation

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chemical reaction

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interaction between two or more atoms that occurs as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy levels

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molecules

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two or more atoms covalently joined together

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chemical bonds

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energy relationship joining two or more atoms; involves sharing or exchange of electrons

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ions

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electrically charged atom or group of atoms

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ionic bond (electrovalent bond)

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formed by transfer of electrons; strong electrostatic force that binds positively and negatively charged ions together

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covalent bond

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formed by sharing of electron pairs between atoms

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single covalent bond

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covalent bond with only one pair of shared electrons

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double covalent bond

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covalent bond with two pairs of shared electrons

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hydrogen bond

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weak chemical bond that occurs between the partial positive charge on a hydrogen atom covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom and the partial negative charge of another polar molecule

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polar molecule

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molecule in which the electrical charge is not evenly distributed, causing one side of the molecule to be more positive or negative than the other

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synthesis reaction

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combining of two or more substances to form a more complex substance A + B -> AB

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decomposition reaction

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breaking down of a substance into two or more simpler substances AB -> A + B

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exchange reaction

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decomposition of two substances and, in exchange, synthesis of two new compounds AB + CD -> AD + BC

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reversible reaction

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occur in both directions A + B AB

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metabolism

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all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells

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catabolism

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chemical reactions that break down complex compounds into simpler ones and release energy

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anabolism

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chemical reactionns that join simple molecules together to form more complex molecules

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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broken down to supply energy for anabolism

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hydrolysis

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chemical process in which a compound is split by addition of H+ and OH- portions of a water molecule

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dehydration synthesis

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anabolic process by which molecules are joined to form larger molecules; often called condensation reaction because it joins molecules together into a denser mass

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organic compound

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contain covalently bound carbon and hydrogen atoms and are involved in metabolic reactions

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inorganic compound

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chemical constituents that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen

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functional groups

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small cluster of atoms in an organic molecule that gives the molecule particular functional characteristics such as certain chemical binding properties; often represented generically by the letter R

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property of water strong polarity

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polar water molecules attract other polar compounds, which causes them to dissociate/separate

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property of water high specific heat

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hydrogen bonds absorb heat when they break and release heat when they form, thereby minimizing temperature changes

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property of water high heat of vaporation

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many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate

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property of water cohesion

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hydrogen bonds hold molecules of water together

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oxygen (O2)

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required to complete the decomposition reactions required for the release of energy from nutrients burned by the cell

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carbon dioxide (CO2)

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involved in cellular respiration; produced as a waste product during the breakdown of complex nutrients and also serves an important role in maintaining the appropriate acid-base balance in the body

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electrolytes

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substance that dissociates into ions in solution, rendering the solution capable of conducting an electric current

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acid

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any substance that releases a hydrogen ion (H+) when in solution (proton donor)

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strong acid

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acid that completely or almost completely dissociates to form H+ ions

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weak acid

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acid that dissociates very little and therefore produces few excess H+ ions in solution

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base (alkaline)

answer

electrolytes that dissociate to yield hydroxide ions (OH-) or other electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions

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pH

answer

indicates degree of acidity or alkalinity (base) of a solution pH = 7 = neutrality pH > 7 = alkalinity (base) pH < 7 = acidic

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buffers

answer

minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- ;maintain constancy of pH

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salt

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compound that results from chemical interaction of an acid and a base

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neutralization reaction

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reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water

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carbohydrate

answer

organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; commonly called sugars and starches

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monosaccharides

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simple sugars with short carbon chains (glucose)

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hexose

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monosaccharides with six carbons

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pentoses

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monosaccharides with five carbons

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disaccharides

answer

two simple sugars (monosaccharides) that are bonded together through a dehydration synthesis reaction

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polysaccharides

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more than two simple sugars that are bonded together through a dehydration synthesis reaction

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polymer

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large molecule made up of many identical smaller molecules joined together in sequence

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glycogen

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polysaccharide; main carbohydrate stored in animal cells

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lipids

answer

water-insoluble organic molecules that are critically important biological compounds

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nonpolar

answer

describes a covalent chemical bond in which there is equal sharing of electrons and therefore no distinct areas of electrical charge

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triglycerides

answer

lipid that is synthesized from fatty acids and glycerol or from excess glucose or amino acids; stored mainly in adipose tissue cells

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fatty acids

answer

product of fat digestion; building block of fat molecules

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saturated fatty acid

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fatty acid in which all available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled, that is, saturated, with hydrogen atoms

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unsaturated fatty acid

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fatty acid that has one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain because not all the chain's carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms

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phospholipids

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phosphate-containing fat molecule; an important constituent of cell membranes

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hydrophilic

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water loving

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hydrophobic

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water fearing

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steriods

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any of a class of lipids related to sterols and forming numerous reproductive and adrenal hormones

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prostaglandins (tissue hormones)

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any of a group of naturally occurring lipid-based substance that act in a hormone-like way to affect many body functions, including vasodilation, uterine smooth muscle contraction, and the inflammatory response

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proteins

answer

large molecules formed by linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds; one of the basic building blocks of the body

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enzymes

answer

biochemical catalyst that allows chemical reactions to take place; functional proteins that regulate various metabolic pathways of the body

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amino acids

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type of chemical unit from which proteins are built; also have other functions made up of a carbon atom to which are bonded an amino group and carboxyl group

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peptide bond

answer

bond that forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

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primary structure of protein

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protein structure is a sequence of amino acids in a chain

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secondary structure of protein

answer

protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain

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tertiary structure of protein

answer

protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure

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quaternary structure of protein

answer

protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain

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chaperones

answer

any of a group of globular proteins that are present in every body cell and direct the intracellular steps required for other proteins to achieve the often twisted and convoluted shape required for them to function

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structural proteins

answer

any of a category of proteins with the primary function of forming structures of the cell or tissue; contrast with functional protein

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functional proteins

answer

category of proteins that affect the functional operations of a cell; contrast to structural protein

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denatures

answer

to alter the shape of a protein by a change in pH, heat, or some other manner to change its chemical properties

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nucleic acid

answer

any of the high-molecular-weight organic compounds composed of nucleotides, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group

question

nucleotides

answer

monomer made up of three types of chemical groups (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base) that can act alone or to make up a polymer

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

answer

genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical "blueprint" of the body

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ribonucleic acid (RNA)

answer

nucleic acid found in both nucleus and cytoplasm of cells; involved in transmission of genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm and in cytoplasmic assembly of proteins

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high-energy bonds

answer

chemical bond that requires and input of energy to form and when broken can result in the transfer of useful energy to cellular processes, as in ATP

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chemistry

answer

science of the structure and interactions of matter

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matter

answer

anything that occupies space and has mass; 3 Phases of Matter - Solid, Liquid, Gas

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mass

answer

the amount of matter a substance has, both living and nonliving things consist of matter and mass

Anatomy & Physiology – Chapter 2 – Flashcards

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