Anatomy chapter 2 – Flashcards
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The atoms of different elements have
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Different atomic numbers
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Isotopes of an element have
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The same atomic number but different atomic weights
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The atomic weight of an element whose atoms contain 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons is
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16
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The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of
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Neutrons
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The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of
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2 electrons
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When forming a bond, an atom that has 3 electrons in its second shell and a filled first shell will
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Lose 3 electrons from its second shell
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The formula H2O refers to
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A molecule that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
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A decomposition reaction can be symbolized by
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AB---> A+B
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A water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is
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Neutral
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Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water are
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Acids
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The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is
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Tenfold
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A chemical reaction in which parts of different molecules trade position is an
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Exchange reaction
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Electrolytes are substances that
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Ionize in water
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The pH scale measures the
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Concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
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Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic substances in the body?
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A. Carbohydrate B. Water C. Lipid D. Protein
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A person has alkalosis if the blood pH
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Rises above 7.5
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Matter is composed of elements, which are composed of
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Atoms
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A complete atom is electrically neutral because the number of
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Electrons and protons are equal
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The atomic number of an atom equals the number of _____ and the atomic weight equals the ______
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Protons; number of protons plus neutrons
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Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for
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Growth of body parts
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In a covalent bond
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Atoms share a pair or more of electrons
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In an ionic bond
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Oppositely charged atoms attract
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On the pH scale
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A. A tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration separates each whole number B. The lower the whole number on the scale, the greater the H+ concentration C. pH values above 7 are basic (alkalines) D. All of the above
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Sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of
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Cations
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When cations and anions meet they
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Form ionic bonds
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An acid reacting with a base is
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An exchange reaction
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Water causes ionically-bonded atoms to
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Dissociate
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Bases reacting with acids form _____ and water
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Salts
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The secondary structure of a protein molecule is the result of
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Hydrogen bonds
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In the body, oxygen
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Is used during cellular respiration
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Which of the following is a characteristic of carbohydrates?
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A. They contain C, H, O, with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms B. They provide much of the energy that the cell requires C. They include sugars and starches D. All of the above
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A simple carbohydrate
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Has a molecular formula of C6H12O6
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Lipids
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A. Are insoluble in water B. Include phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats C. Contain C, H, and O, with proportionately less oxygen than in carbohydrates D. All of the above
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Proteins denature when
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Hydrogen bonds break
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Which of the following is not organic?
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A. Sodium chloride B. Lipids C. Nuclei acids D. Enzymes
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Saturated fats _____ than unsaturated fats
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Have more single carbon-carbon bonds
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Proteins
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A. Are structural materials B. Can function as enzymes C. Contain CHON, and sometimes S D. All of the above
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An enzyme is a
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Protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted
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DNA
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Stores genetic information, including instructions for enzymes that synthesize fats and carbohydrates
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Nucleic acids are
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Composed of building blocks called nucleotides
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The informational content of DNA and RNA is in the nitrogenous bases because
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The bases are of several types and therefore can form a code sequence
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Table sugar breaking down into glucose and fructose is a _____ reaction
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Hydrolysis
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Nucleic acids include
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RNA and DNA
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DNA and RNA differ in that
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DNA holds genetic information and RNA is that information to synthesize protein
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The type of organic molecule that can replicate is
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Nucleic acid
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Conformation is
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The three-dimensional shape of a molecule, such as a protein
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An organic compound always contains
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Carbon and hydrogen
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Carbon can form ____ covalent bonds
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4
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Which of these is not a monosaccharide?
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A. Glucose B. Ribose C. 6-carbon sugar D. Sucrose
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Glycogen is stored in the liver and _____
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Skeletal muscles
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A triglyceride consists of
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3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
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Which of the following groups of compounds is hydrophobic?
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A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleic acids
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Which of the following molecules does not have a polar region?
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A. Water B. Triglyceride C. Water soluble amino acid D. Glucose
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A biomarker is
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A body chemical associated with a particular disease or exposure to a toxin
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An example of a biomarker is
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Cholesterol
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A biomarker test for cancer should ideally be
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A. Inexpensive B. Easy to preform C. Specific D. All of the above
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Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life?
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A. Iodine-131 B. Iron-59 C. Phosphorus-32 D. Cobalt-60
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The ____ uses iodine in a synthesis reaction
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Thyroid gland
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The isotope most likely to be used to study the thyroid gland is
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A. Iodine-131 B. Iron-59 C. Thallium-201 D. Cobalt-60
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Atomic radiation is useful for treating cancer because
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Radiation harms cancer cells more readily than it does most non-cancer cells
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Exposure to ionizing radiation may
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A. Cloud the lens of the eye B. Cause cancer C. Interfere with normal growth D. All of the above
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Which of the following is not a source of ionizing radiation?
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A. Cosmic rays from outer space B. Cholesterol and triglycerides C. Atomic and nuclear weapons D. Smoke detectors
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A CT scan differs from a conventional x-ray image because it is
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Three-dimensional
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PET imaging follows the emission of
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Positrons
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Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and how matter changes
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T
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The number of protons in an atom of an element always equals its atomic weight
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F
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Radioactive isotopes have stable nuclei
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F
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Sodium and chloride atoms combine readily because they both lose electrons
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F
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The symbol Na+ represents a sodium atom that has lost an electron
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T
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An atom that has gained or lost electrons is called an ion
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T
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Water is an example of a compound
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T
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A substance that releases hydrogen ions in water is a base
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F
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A strong acid reacting with a strong base produces a salt
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T
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An atom with 10 protons and which has lost 2 electrons is electrically neutral
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F
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Chemically inert atoms always have their outermost electron shell full
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T
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An acid is an electrolyte that releases hydroxide ions (OH+) in water
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F
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EBay is an electrolyte that releases ions that combine with hydrogen ions
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F
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An electrolyte ionizes in water
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T
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A person with alkalosis has a blood pH less than 7.3
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F
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A complex carbohydrate consists of a phosphate group attached to a sugar molecule
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F
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Cholesterol, a type of lipid, is composed of 3 fatty acid chains attached to glycerol
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T
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Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that we get directly by eating plants
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F
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A phospholipid differ structurally from a triglyceride in that it has three phosphate groups attached to the glycerol molecule rather than 3 fatty acid chains
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F
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Nucleic acids are composed of building blocks called amino acids
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F
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A protein is formed from a sequence of amino acids
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T
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Proteins encode nucleic acids
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F
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DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
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T
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The parts of an atom that carry single negative electrical charges are called
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Electrons
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When atoms form chemical bonds, the subatomic particles that directly interact are the
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Valence electrons
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The type of subatomic particle that does not have an electrical charge is a
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Neutron
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The type of chemical bonds formed when ions with opposite electrical charges attract is am ____ bond
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Ionic
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Two or more atoms bonding form a
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Molecule
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The opposite of a decomposition reaction is a _______ reaction
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Synthesis
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The midpoint of the pH scale is pH
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7
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Apricots have a pH of 3.8. Therefore, they are
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Acidic
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Organic substances always contain the element _____ and _____
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Carbon, hydrogen
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Amino acids are building blocks of
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Proteins
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The amino acid sequence of a protein is its ______ structure
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Primary
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___ are building blocks of nucleic acids
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Nucleotides
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_____ has the unique ability among types of organic molecules to replicate
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Nucleic acid
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