Anatomy And Physiology Study Guide Test Questions – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Anatomy
answer
The study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized.
question
Physiology
answer
The study of the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it.
question
Pathology
answer
The study of the diseases of the body.
question
Basic reference systems of bodily organization
answer
Directions, planes, cavities, and structural units.
question
Superior
answer
Uppermost or above
question
Inferior (Caudal)
answer
Lowermost or below.
question
Anterior (Ventral)
answer
Toward the front.
question
Posterior (Dorsal)
answer
Towards the back.
question
Cephalad (Cranial)
answer
Toward the head.
question
Medial
answer
Nearest the midline of the body.
question
Lateral
answer
Toward the side or away from the midline of the body.
question
Proximal
answer
Nearest the point of attachment or origin.
question
Distal
answer
Away from the point of attachment.
question
Midsagittal Plane
answer
Vertically divides the body through the midline into two equal portions or halves.
question
Sagittal Plane
answer
Any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane vertically diving the body into unequal right and left portions.
question
Horizontal (Transverse) Plane
answer
Any plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
question
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
answer
One that divides the anterior and posterior portions of the body at right angles to the sagittal plane.
question
Body has two major cavities.
answer
Dorsal Cavity and the ventral cavity.
question
Viscera
answer
The organs of any cavity.
question
Dorsal cavity
answer
Contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate the body's functions. Cranial cavity and the Spinal cavity.
question
Cranial Cavity
answer
Contains the brain.
question
Spinal cavity
answer
Contains the spinal cord.
question
Ventral cavity
answer
Contains organs that are involved in maintaining homeostasis. Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity.
question
Thoracic cavity
answer
Surrounded by the rib cage and contains the heart in a pericardial cavity, and the two lungs the pleural cavities.
question
Mediastinum
answer
Found between the two pleural cavities and contains the heart, thymus gland, lymph and blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and nerves.
question
Diaphragm
answer
The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
question
Abdominopelvic cavity
answer
Second subdivision of the ventral cavity that contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus.
question
parietal
answer
Refers to the walls of a cavity.
question
Visceral
answer
Refers to the covering on an organ.
question
Cells
answer
The smallest units of life.
question
Protoplasm
answer
Aqueous colloidal solution of various proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts that are organized into structures referred to as organelles.
question
Tissues
answer
Epithelial, connective, muscle, or nervous.
question
Epithelial tissue
answer
Covers surfaces and protects both the outer suface like the skin and inner surfaces of organs like the intestine, forms glands, and lines cavities of the body.
question
Connective tissue
answer
binds together and supports other tissues and organs.
question
Muscle tissue
answer
Characterized by elongated cells that generate movement by shortening or contracting in a forcibile manner. There are three types of muscle tissue.
question
Skeletal muscle tissue
answer
Voluntary muscle pulls on bones and causes body movements.
question
Smooth muscle tissue
answer
Involuntary muscle is found in the intestines where it pushes food along the digestive tract. Also found in arteries and veins.
question
Cardiac muscle tissue
answer
found only in the heart.
question
Nervous muscle tissue
answer
composed of nerve cells forming a coordinating system of fibers connecting the numberous sensory and motor structures of the body.
question
System
answer
Group of organs.
question
Integumentary system
answer
Made up of two layers epidermis and dermis. It includes the skin, hair, nails, sebaceious glands, and sweat glands.
question
Integumentary system function
answer
Insulation of the body, protection of the body from environmental hazards, and regulation of body temperature and water.
question
Skieletal system
answer
Bones, cartilage, and membranous structures associated with bones.
question
Skeletal system function
answer
Protectes the soft and vital parts of the body and provides support for body tissues. Its bones act as levers for movement.
question
Skeletal system
answer
Manufactures blood cells in red bone marrow and stores fat in yellow bone marrow.
question
Muscular system
answer
consists of muscles, fasciae, tendon sheaths, and bursae.
question
Muscular system function
answer
Skeletal muscles pull on bones to allow movement.
question
Nervous system
answer
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, and the sensory and motor structures of the body.
question
Nervous system function
answer
controlling, correlating and regulatting the other systems of the body.
question
Endocrine system
answer
Consists of the endocrine glads (ductless glands), the master gland, or pituitary, controls the other glands.
question
Endocrine system function
answer
Chemically regulate the body's functions.
question
Cardiovascular system
answer
consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
question
Cardiovascular system function
answer
Pump, distribute blood which carries oxygen, nutrients and wastes to and from the cells.
question
Lymphatic system
answer
lymph nodes, thymus gland, the spleen, and the lymph vessels.
question
Lymphatic system function
answer
drain tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids and absorb fats from the intestine and carry them to the blood. Protects the body from disease.
question
Respiratory system
answer
Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
question
Respiratory system function
answer
Bring oxygen to and eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood.
question
Digestive system
answer
Alimentary canal(mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus) with assoc. glands(salivary, liver, and pancreas.)
question
Digestive system function
answer
Convert food into simpler substances.
question
Urinary system
answer
Two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.
question
Urinary system function
answer
Chemical regulation of the blood, the formation and elimination of urine, and the maintenance of homeostasis.
question
Reproductive system
answer
Consists of the ovaries uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females. Testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in males.
question
Reproductive system function
answer
Maintenance of sexual characteristics and the perpetuation of our species.
question
Homeostasis
answer
The maintenance of the internal environment of the body.
question
Homeostasis i.e.
answer
Blood sugar levels, body temperature, heart rate, and the fluid environment of the celss.
question
Organs
answer
composed of cells integrated into tissues serving a common function.
question
System
answer
a group of organs that perform a common function.
question
Claude Bernard
answer
First scientist to discuss the significance of homeostasis.
question
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
answer
Chemical fuel that allows the body cells to do work and function.
question
Atom
answer
The smallest particles of an element that maintain all the characteristics of that element.
question
Protons
answer
Carries a positive charge.
question
neutrons
answer
No charge
question
Electrons
answer
Lighter particles that orbit the nucleus at some distance. Negative charge.
question
Element
answer
Substance whose atoms all contain the same number of protons and neutrons which makes them electically neutral.
question
John Dalton
answer
proposed the atomic theory
question
Carbon
answer
element found in all living things.
question
Isotopes
answer
different kinds of atoms of the same element
question
atomic number
answer
number of protons or electrons.
question
Periodic table
answer
arranges the elements by increasing atomic number.
question
Bonds
answer
Atoms combine chemically with one another to form bonds.
question
Ionic bond
answer
Formed when one atom gains electrons while the other atom loses electrons from its outermost level or orbit.
question
Ions
answer
Charged atoms.
question
Mineral salts
answer
sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate.
question
covalent bond
answer
Atoms share electons to fill their outermost levels.
question
this kind of bond dissociates in water
answer
ionic bond
question
four of the most important elements found in cells form covalent bonds
answer
C, O, H, N
question
Electron donors
answer
elements or molecules furnishing electrons during a reaction.
question
electron acceptors
answer
Those that gain electrons during a chemical reaction.
question
electron carriers
answer
special molecules will gain electrons only to lose them to another in a very short time.
question
solvent
answer
a medium allowing reactions to occur
question
Molecular oxygen
answer
formed when two oxygen atoms are covalently bonded together.
question
Calcium
answer
necessary for muscle contraction and nervous transmission, building stron bones.
question
Phosphate
answer
necessary to produce the high-energy molecule atp
question
Chloride
answer
necessary for nervous transmission
question
Sodium and potassium
answer
muscle cell contraction and nervous transmission.
question
Peptide bond
answer
covalent bond formed between amino acids to form proteins
question
DNA
answer
Genetic material of cells located in the nucleus of the cell.
question
RNA
answer
Single chains of nucleotides.
question
Isotonic solution
answer
concentration outside the red blood cell equals the concentration inside the red blood cell.
question
hypotonic solution
answer
water molecules are in a higher concentration outside the red blood cell, water will move into the blood cell, causing it to swell and rupture.
question
hypertonic solution
answer
more water inside the red blood cell than in the solution.
question
pH
answer
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
question
buffer
answer
acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions.
question
anabolism
answer
energy requiring process that builds larger molecules
question
catobolism
answer
energy releasing process that breaks down large molecules.
question
cellular respiration
answer
energy changes that occur in cells.
question
metabolism
answer
total chemical changes that occur inde a cell.
question
Krebs cycle
answer
step after glycolysis in which pyruvic acid gets broken down in to carbon dioxide gas and water.
question
Cancer cell
answer
carcinogen
question
metastisis
answer
Move to other parts of the body.
