Flashcards and Answers – Anatomy and Physiology Chemistry

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energy
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the capacity to do work
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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potential energy
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stored energy
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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atoms
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smallest part of an element that retains the property of an element
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proton
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positively charged (in nucleus)
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neutron
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no charge (in nucleus)
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electron
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negatively charged (in orbitals)
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element
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unique substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
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isotope
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different atomic form of the same element (varies in the number of neutrons)
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ion
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atom with a charge
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cation
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atom with a positive charge
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anion
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atom with a negative charge
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what makes an atom of one element different from an atom of another element?
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differing number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
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Four elements that make up 96% of the body mass
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C,H,O,N
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How many elements are present in the body in trace amounts?
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twenty
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molecule
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particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
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compound
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substance composed of two or more different elements
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solution
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homogeneous mixture of components (may be gases, liquids, or solids)
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solvent
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substance present in the greatest amount (the "dissolvER")
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solute
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substance present in smaller amount (one being dissolved)
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what is molarity?
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concentration of the solution,
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What is a mole?
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molecular weight of an element expressed in grams
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How is molarity calculated?
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moles/liters
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What are chemical bonds?
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energy relationships between the electrons of the reacting atoms
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What characteristics of atoms determine the type of chemical bond that an atom is most likely to form?
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valence shell electrons
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ionic bonds
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chemical bonds between atoms, transfer of electrons from one to the other
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covalent bonds
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chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms
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polar covalent bonds
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unequal sharing of electrons
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hydrogen bonds
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The attraction of a hydrogen atom of one water molecule to an oxygen atom of another water molecule (weak bonds)
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product
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substance produced in a chemical reaction (on the right side of the chemical equation)
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reactant
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substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction (on the left side of the chemical equation)
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anabolic/synthesis reactions
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REQUIRES ENERGY. chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to build more complex molecules.
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catabolic/decomposition reactions
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Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones and ENERGY IS RELEASED.
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exchange/displacement reactions
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two different molecules exchange positions (AB+CD--->ABCD--->AC+BD requires and releases energy)
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Four factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions
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temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysts
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Organic compounds
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compounds that contain carbon
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Inorganic compounds
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compounds that do not contain carbon
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Why is water so important to living organisms?
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...
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What percentage of cell volume is water?
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60-80%
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heat capacity
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The amount of heat a substance absorbs before its temperature changes
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heat of vaporization
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the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas
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universal solvent
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water dissolves many things
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Hydrolysis
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process by which water is used to split a substance into smaller parts
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dehydration synthesis
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process by which a large molecule is formed by removing water
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salt
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ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles when dissolved in water
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electrolyte
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substance that breaks down into ions when in solution and is capable of conducting an electrical current
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hydrophilic
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water loving (polar)
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hydrophobic
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water hating (nonpolar)
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acid
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a substance that releases hydrogen ions (proton donor)
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base
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a substance that accepts hydrogen ions (proton acceptor)
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pH
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concentration of hydrogen ions
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neutral
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neither acidic or basic (pH=7)
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buffer
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resists abrupt and large swings in pH
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carbohydrates
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the body's cellular fuel (C,H,O in the proportion of 1:2:1;)
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examples of carbohydrates
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sugars and starches
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examples of monosaccharides
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glucose and fructose
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examples of disaccharides
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sucrose and lactose
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examples of polysaccharides
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starch and glycogen
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Lipids(used for storage)
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fats and oils (C,H,O)
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Proteins
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basic structural material of the body (C,H,O,N)
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Proteins are made up of
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amino acids
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Nucleic acids
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store and transfer replication information (DNA, RNA)
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What type of polysaccharide is found in animal cells?
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glycogen
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saturated
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fats with the maximum number of hydrogens (no double C-C bonds)
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unsaturated
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fats with less than the maximum number of hydrogens (double C-C bonds)
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triglycerides
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a glycerol and three fatty acid chains
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phospholipid
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a glycerol head and two fatty acid tails
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cholesterol
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flat molecule made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings (a steroid)
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amino acids
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building blocks of proteins(amine group-NH2 and acid group -COOH)
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triglycerides
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lipid used for storing energy fuel in the body
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How many types of amino acids are there?
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20
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What is a peptide bond?
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a bond joining two amino acids
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dipeptide
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Two amino acids bonded together
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polypeptide
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a long chain of several amino acids
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protein
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a chain of amino acids (one or more polypeptide)
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the function of proteins
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depends on their shape
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denatured
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when a protein is unfolded and loses its specific 3-D shape
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fibrous protein
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...
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globular protein
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...
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catalyst
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substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
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enzyme
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a biological catalyst
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activation energy
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energy required to start a chemical reaction
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nucleotide
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makes up nucleic acids(phosphate, sugar,nitrogen-containing base)
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ATP
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an organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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replicates itself and provides instructions for building proteins
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RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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carries out the orders for protein synthesis given by DNA (single-stranded; AGCU)
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