Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart – Flashcards
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Aorta
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Distributes blood to body parts; blood from left ventricle; largest artery in the body
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atrioventricular sulcus
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groove separating atrial and ventricular portions of heart
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atrium
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Upper chamber of the heart
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bicuspid valve
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Prevents blood backflow from left ventricle to left atrium; also: between left atrium and left ventricle; only two cusps
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Cardiac vein
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Drains blood from myocardial capillaries
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Coronary artery
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Supplies blood to heart muscle
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coronary sinus
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Drains blood from myocardium into right atrium (the myocardium is the middle layer of heart so the sinus takes the blood that the heart uses and adds it to the blood from the body)
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endocardium
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Inner lining of heart chamber/innermost layer of heart wall; glistening white sheet of endothelium resting on thin connective tissue layer;
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interventricular sulcus
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groove separating left and right ventricles; has posterior and anterior side
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myocardium
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middle layer of heart wall composed largely of cardiac muscle tissue; makes up bulk of heart; layer that contracts
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Papillary muscle
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Structure from which charade tendineae originate
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Pericardial cavity
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Potential space containing serious fluid; "lube"
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pericardium
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Double-layered/walled membrane enclosing heart; includes fibrous and serous pericardium
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Pulmonary trunk
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gives rise to pulmonary arteries; routes blood to lungs (gas exchange); takes blood out of right ventricle
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tricuspid valve
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Prevents blood movement from right ventricle to right atrium
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describe the pathway of blood (15 steps)
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1. Low oxygen blood from body 2. Superior and inferior vena cava 3. Right atrium 4. Tricuspid valve 5. Right ventricle 6. Pulmonary semilunar valve 7. Pulmonary trunk->pulmonary arteries 8. Gas exchange occurs between blood in capillaries and air in alveoli 9. High oxygen blood in pulmonary veins 10. Left atrium 11. Bicuspid )mitral) valve 12. Left ventricle 13. Aortic semilunar valve 14. Aorta 15. Goes through branches of aorta throughout body
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base of heart
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Broad and flat posterior surface 3 1/2 inches wide
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apex
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Points to left hip
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apical impulse
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caused by apex beating and contacting chest wall
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fibrous pericardium
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loosely-fitting, touch dense connective tissue layer; protects heart, anchors heart to surrounding structures, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
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serous pericardium
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deep to fibrous pericardium, thin, slippery, 2-layer serous membrane;
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two layers of serous pericardium
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parietal and visceral layer
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parietal layer
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lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium; attacfhes to large arteries exiting heart
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visceral layer
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"epicardium" (note: see 'epicardium')
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pericarditis
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inflammation of pericardium; roughen serous surfaces; creates creaking sound and pain
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cardiac tamponade
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large amounts of inflammatory fluid in pericardial cavity, limits heart's ability to pump blod; drain excess
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How many layers are there of the heart wall?
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3
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epicardium
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most superficial layer of heart wall; visceral layer of serous pericardium
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fibrous skeleton of heart
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dense network of connective fiber muscles; provides support, reinforces, and anchors cardiac muscle fibers; not electrically excitable
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What is continuous with endothelial linings of blood vessels leaving and entering the heart?
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the endocardium or inner lining of the heart
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How many chambers are in the heart?
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4 (leftt atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle)
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interatrial septum
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internal partition that divides the heart longitudinally, separates atria
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interventricular septum
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internal partition that divides heart longitudinally separating ventricles
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coronary sulcus is the same thing as _____
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atrioventricular groove/sulcus
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auricles
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small wrinkled 'ears' on the atria that increase volume (dark bag-like things on upper part of your pig's heart)
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Atria are the ____ chambers.
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receiving
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pectinate muscles
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bundles of muscle tissues that look like teeth of a comb (pectin=comb)
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fossa ovalis
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shallow depression on interatrial septum marks where foramen ovale was (in left atrium)
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foramen ovale
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opening in fetal heart
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The atria contract a lot or not much?
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very minimally (not a lot); atria contributes very little to heart's pumping
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superior vena cava
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returns blood from above diaphragm
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inferior vena cava
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returns blood below diaphragm
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Blood enters right atrium through ___ veins
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3 (superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus)
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__#__ pulmonary veins enter left atrium
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4
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pulmonary veins transport blood from ____ to the ____
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lung (back) to the heart
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The ventricles are the _____ chambers
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discharging
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trabeculae carneae
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irregular ridges of muscle
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papillary muscles
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conelike, role in valve cunftions
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pulmonary circuit
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blood vessels that carry blood to and from lungs, serves gas exchange; right side of heart oxygen poor blood enters right atrium and passes through right ventricles->pumped to lungs via pulmonary trunk->lungs oxygenate blood and pulmonary veins bring it to left side of heart
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systemic circuit
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blood vessels that carry blood supply to and from all body tissues ; left side of heart freshly oxygenated blood from lungs -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> pumped to aorta -> branches into smaller vessels to all body tissues
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pulmonary circuit is ___-pressure
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low
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the left ventricle walls are ___ times as thick
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3
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angina pectoris
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thoracic pain causes by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium; stress induced spasms; myocardial cells weaken
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myocardial infarction/heart attack
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prolonged coronary blockage
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atrioventricular valves
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two at atrial-ventricicular junction; prevent backflow
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tricuspid valves
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3 flexible cups between right atrium and right ventricle
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cusps (like in a valve)
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flaps of endocardium reinforced by connective tissue cores
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chordae tendinae
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attached to each atria-ventricular valve flap, tiny white collagen cords; "heart strings"; they anchor cusps to papillary muscles
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the bicuspid valve is also known as
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the mitral valve (bishop's hat)
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Just know: when heart is relaxed, AV flaps hang limply- blood flows freely from atria to ventricles; when ventricles contract, blood is pushed against flaps closing them
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Just know: when heart is relaxed, AV flaps hang limply- blood flows freely from atria to ventricles; when ventricles contract, blood is pushed against flaps closing them
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semilunar valves
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guard bases of large arteries issuing from the ventricles, prevent backflow; made of three pocketlike cusps; shapped like cresent moon
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semilunar valves open when....
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when the ventricles are contracting and intraventricular pressure RISES ABOVE the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk and the valves open; when ventricles relax valves close
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no valves guard the entrance of the ____ ____ and the ____ ____ into right/left atria
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venae cavae; pulmonary veins (some blood does go back but is inconsequential)
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incompeteant valves
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forces heart to pump same blood over and over again due to leaky valves
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stenosis
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the stiffening of flaps because of scar tissue; heart has to work harder--weakens--and the flap is usually replaced
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____ carry blood TOWARDS the heart ____ carry blood AWAY FROM the heart
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veins arteries
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pulmonary arteries carry ___ oxygen pulmonary veins carry ____ oxygen
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low oxygen high oxygen
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blood vessel
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a sereies of tubes that make a closed delivery system that beginsand ends at eh heart carries blood, CO2, O2, and nutrients
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there are __ distinct layers or tunics to blood vessels
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3
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tunic intima
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innermost, lined with endothelium that is continuous with endocardium; bigger vessels have a subbendothelial layer too which is made of loose connective tissue to support endothelium(epithelium)
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tunic media
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middle; smooth muscle (circular mostly) and elastin
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vasoconstriction
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REDUCTION in lumen diameter as smooth muscle contracts
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vasodialation
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INCREASE in lumen diameter as the smooth muscle relaxes
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tunica externa/adventitia
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outermost, loosely woven collagen fibers, has nerves, lymphatic vessels and some have small blood vessels (in the larger vessels)
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arteries
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carry blood AWAY from heart; branch/diverge/fork as they form smaller and smaller divisions
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arterioles
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smallest of the arteries; lumen diameter or .3mm-10 micrometers; carry blood away
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capillaries
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microscopic = smallest blood vessels; thin walls, only a tunica intima
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venules
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formed by united capillaries; pourous; fluid and white blood cells pass through
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veins
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carry blood TOWARDS the heart; three tunics
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venous valves
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formed from folds of tunica intima; help stop blood from flowing backwards
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varicose veins
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veins that have become tortuous and dilated form leaky valves
