question

List the four steps a lay responder (you) will take in an emergency

answer

1. Recognize that an emergency exists 2. Decide to take action 3. Activate the EMS system 4. Give care consistent with your knowledge + training until EMS arrives + takes over

question

List the four primary ways to RECOGNIZE an emergency

answer

1. Unusual sights 2. Unusual sounds 3. Unusual odors 4. Unusual appearance/behaviors

question

Why might a person not respond to someone who needs help? (List 4 reasons)

answer

-panic or fear of doing something wrong -being unsure of the person's condition + what to do -assuming someone else will take action -fear of being sued

question

How can a person prevent disease transmission while providing help? (List 4 reasons)

answer

-wear gloves -avoid contact with bodily fluids -wash your hands thoroughly after giving care -use protective CPR creating barriers

question

What is the reason for the Good Samaritan Laws?

answer

To protect people who voluntarily give care in an emergency situation

question

After you recognize an emergency, decide to act, and activate EMS but BEFORE you give care you must obtain _______, if the victim refuses your help, you should...?

answer

CONSENT; Call EMS and not try to help further

question

What are the three Emergency Action Steps?

answer

Check Call Care

question

What is the most important step you can take to help a person who is unconscious or has some other life threatening condition?

answer

Call for emergency medical help

question

When you are alone, what are the three situations in which you would "Call First"?

answer

-any adult or child about 12 years or older who is unconscious -a child or infant you witnessed suddenly collapse -an unconscious child or infant known to have heart problems

question

When you are alone, what are the two situations in which you would "Care First"?

answer

-an unconscious child (younger than 12) who you did not see collapse -any drowning victim

question

List 6 situations where you would call 9-1-1

answer

-unconsciousness/altered level of consciousness -breathing problems -lasting chest pain, discomfort, or pressure -persistent abdominal pain or pressure -severe external breathing -severe/critical burns

question

Do you always call 9-1-1 when an individual becomes injured, no matter how minor? Why/why not?

answer

Not always- you must use your judgement to determine how dire the situation is

question

What are the 3 situations when you would have to move a victim?

answer

-when you are faced with immediate danger (the scene is unsafe) -when you have to get to another person with a more serious problem -when it is necessary in order to give proper care (not enough space, need a flat surface for CPR, etc.)

question

** If a victim is able to talk to you then you know they are breathing and have a pulse (ABC's). Assess the situation. If there aren't any other life threatening conditions (severe bleeding, etc.) find out what happened by asking questions. You follow this "interview" process whenever you deal with a conscious person (ask for consent if the individual is an adult or a child/infant with a parent).

answer

Checking a Conscious Person

question

For the purposes of First Aid, define an adult, child, and infant (a.k.a. how old is each)?

answer

Adult: older than 12 years old Child: between the ages of 1 and 12 Infant: younger than 1 year old

question

How should you begin the "interview"?

answer

Identify yourself and get the person's consent to give care

question

What are 4 questions you should ask to gain information from a victim?

answer

-What happened? -Do you feel pain or discomfort anywhere? -Do you have any allergies? -Do you have any medical conditions or are you taking an medications?

question

What is one of the most dangerous threats to a seriously ill or injured person?

answer

unnecessary movement

question

What is shock? List 4 signals that might indicate a person is going into shock AND list 4 steps to treat/prevent shock.

answer

SIGNALS: -restlessness or irritability -altered level of consciousness -nausea or vomiting -pale, ashen, or graying, cool, moist skin TREATMENT/PREVENTION: -have the person lie down flat -reassure the person -help the person maintain normal body temperature -do not give the person anything to eat or drink in case their condition is severe

question

Under normal conditions, how long can a person be without oxygen before POSSIBLE brain damage occurs?

answer

4-6 minutes

question

Define respiratory distress and respiratory arrest:

answer

Distress: a condition in which breathing becomes difficult Arrest: a condition when breathing has stopped

question

List 4 signals that indicate a person is in respiratory distress:

answer

-trouble breathing or no breathing -slow or rapid breathing -unusually deep or shallow breathing -gasping for breath

question

What are the two skills used to clear on obstructed airway in conscious choking:

answer

Adult/child: let him/her keep coughing Infant: if they cannot cry or breathe, give 5 back blows, then 5 chest thrusts

question

In what situations do you stop giving care to a conscious choking victim? (LIST 3)

answer

-EMS takes over -scene becomes unsafe -you are too exhausted to continue

question

Describe the best way to check for responsiveness:

answer

Adult/Child: tap him/her on the shoulder + ask if he/she is ok, speaking loudly Infant: tap the infant's shoulder or flick the bottom of their foot and shout

question

When we come upon an unconscious victim we are able to see if our victim has one of these systems by checking their ____ ____ ____'s (three letters). What do these letters stand for?

answer

ABC's- *A*irway, *B*reathing, *C*irculation

question

In reference to our ABC's, the letter "B" means: What do we *look* for? What do we *listen* for? What do we *feel* for?

answer

Breathing -look for the person's chest clearly rising and falling -listen for escaping air -feel for the escaping air on the side of your face

question

An emergency involving an unconscious child is more likely a _________ emergency.

answer

breathing

question

An emergency involving an unconscious adult is more likely a _______ emergency.

answer

cardiac

question

What is the purpose of recovery position? What body systems must be working in the victim when you place him/her in the recovery position? (Otherwise you would still be treating the victim!!!!)

answer

To keep the airway open and clear; the respiratory system must be working

question

WHEN can behaviors/habits that may possibly harm the heart and blood vessels begin?

answer

at any age

question

Name four controllable risk factors that increase the risk of heart disease.

answer

-smoking -poor diet -high cholesterol/blood pressure -overweight

question

List 5 signals/symptoms of a heart attack.

answer

*These vary from person to person and between men + women, but common signals include:* -chest pain/pressure/discomfort that lasts longer than 3-5 minutes and cannot be relieved -pain may spread to arm(s), upper stomach, back, etc. -pale, graying skin -dizziness or nausea -may feel unusually tired or anxious

question

What common pain reliever can be given to a conscious person suffering a heart attack to reduce the effects of the attack while waiting for EMS to arrive? WHY?

answer

Aspirin because it is a blood thinner + can relieve the blockage in their arteries

question

What is the name of the four step process that increases a victim's chance of survival if followed? List the four steps.

answer

*The Cardiac Chain of Survival* Pediatric: 1. Prevention 2. Early CPR 3. Activation of EMS system 4. Early advanced life support 5. Integrated post cardiac arrest care Adult: 1. Recognition of cardiac arrest + activation of EMS 2. Early CPR 3. Early defibrillation 4. Early advanced life support 5. Integrated post cardiac arrest care

question

CPR stands for:

answer

Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation

question

The word "Cardio" is in reference to what organ?

answer

Heart

question

The word "Pulmonary" is in reference to what organ?

answer

Lungs

question

With these two organs in mind, what are you taking over when you perform CPR (a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths) on a victim?

answer

Heartbeat + Breathing

question

WHY is the correct hand positioning important when performing CPR? Give 2 reasons.

answer

-to perform good compressions -to prevent the breaking of a rib

question

CPR chart

answer

Infant Hand Position: Two or three fingers in the center of the chest (on lower half of sternum, just below nipple line) Infant Compression Depth: About 1 ½ inches until the chest clearly rises (about 1 second per breath) Infant Compression Rate: 30 chest compressions in about 18 seconds (at least 100 compressions per minute) Infant # of Breaths: 2 rescue breaths per cycle Child Hand Position: Two hands in center of chest (on lower half of sternum) Child Compression Depth: About 2 inches until the chest clearly rises (about 1 second per breath) Child Compression Rate: 30 chest compressions in about 18 seconds (at least 100 compressions per minute) Child # of Breaths: 2 rescue breaths per cycle Adult Hand Position: Two hands in center of chest (on lower half of sternum) Adult Compression Depth: About 2 inches until the chest clearly rises (at least 1 second per breath) Adult Compression Rate: 30 chest compressions in about 18 seconds (at least 100 compressions per minute) Adult # of Breaths: 2 rescue breaths per cycle

question

What is the difference between CPR and care for an UNCONSCIOUS CHOKING victim? (hint: there is one major modification)

answer

For unconscious choking victims, you must sweep the mouth for objects

question

What does AED stand for?

answer

Automated External Defibrillator

question

By how much is the chance of survival decreased when defibrillation is delayed?

answer

10% every minute

question

What is the first step in AED use?

answer

Turn on the AED

question

There are several AED precautions and guidelines. Briefly list and describe the 6 you feel are the most important?

answer

-Do not use alcohol to wipe the person's chest clean: alcohol is flammable -Use pediatric pads when appropriate, but do not use them on an adult, child older than 8 years, or a person that weighs >55 lbs -Do not touch the person while the AED is analyzing bc it will disrupt analysis -Make sure no one is touching the person during/before defibrillation occurs -Do not use an AED in water or a moving vehicle -Do not use a mobile phone or radio within 6 feet of the radio bc it will disrupt analysis

question

The AED is of combination of _____________________ and ___________________?

answer

*Defibrillation* and *CPR*

question

Why should you verbally (SPEAK OUT LOUD) repeat the AED?

answer

To make sure no one is touching the person or resuscitation equipment

question

What does soft tissue consist of?

answer

The layers of skin and the fat and muscle beneath the skin's outer layer

question

What are the two types of soft tissue wounds:

answer

Closed wounds and open wounds

question

What is a closed wound?

answer

internal bleeding or damage to the soft tissue beneath the skin

question

A minor closed wound is called a:

answer

bruise

question

A major closed wound is called a:

answer

contusion

question

What is the care for a minor closed wound:

answer

apply cold, like an ice pack, and have the person be comfortable + rest

question

What is the care for a major closed wound:

answer

call 911

question

Name the four types of OPEN WOUNDS and give 3 signals of each:

answer

1. Abrasions: -rough rubbing against skin -scrape or road rash -not much bleeding 2. Lacerations: -cut in the skin -blunt force splits skin -heavy or possibly no bleeding 3. Avulsions: -soft tissue partially or completely torn away -not usually bleeding -body part torn away 4. Punctures -pointed object pierces the skin -not usually bleeding -can cause infection

question

What is the care for a MINOR open wound?

answer

clean the area with soap and water

question

What is the difference in care for a MAJOR open wound?

answer

do not wash it, it is more important to control the bleeding

question

Why do you check for feeling, color and warmth after bandaging a wound?

answer

to make sure the bandage isn't too tight

question

What is the purpose of a bandage?

answer

to hold dressings in place, apply pressure to control bleeding, protect a wound from dirt + infection, and to provide support to an injured limb or body part

question

What is the purpose of a dressing?

answer

to absorb blood and other fluids from the wound + prevent infection

question

What is a combination of a bandage and dressing?

answer

a bandaid

question

Describe the care given for a nosebleed (at least 3 steps)

answer

1. Have the person pinch their nostrils together 2. Have them sit with their head tilted slightly forward for about 10 minutes 3. If no improvement occurs, apply an ice pack to the bridge of the nose (with a cloth between the skin and the ice) or put pressure on the upper lip just beneath the nose

question

Describe the care given for a tooth that has been knocked out:

answer

-control bleeding -save the tooth by placing it in milk or cool water -rinse out the mouth with cold tap water -place a rolled sterile dressing into the space left by the missing tooth

question

What is a tourniquet and when is the only time it should be used?

answer

A tourniquet is a tight band placed around an arm or leg to constrict blood vessels in order to stop blood flow to a wound. It should only be used as a last resort if care or response from EMS is delayed, direct pressure will not stop the bleeding, or direct pressure cannot be applied.

question

What are the three types of burns? List from least to most severe:

answer

1. Superficial 2. Partial-thickness 3. Full-thickness

question

What is the basic 4 step care for ALL types of burns?

answer

1. Flush the burn with cool water but *never* ice or ice water 2. Treat for shock 3. Make sure the person is removed from the source of the burn 4. Call 911 for critical burns

question

What ADDITIONAL care would you give for each of the four categories of burns?

answer

Thermal (heat): -cover the burn loosely with sterile dressing after cooling with cold water -keep the person warm to maintain their body temperature + prevent hypothermia Electrical: -make sure the person is no longer in contact with the power source -turn off the power at its source -be prepared to perform CPR or use an AED -look for entry + exit wounds Chemical: -if the burn was caused by dry chemicals, brush off the chemicals with gloves or a towel -if an eye is burned, flush it with cool water -have the person remove contaminated clothing if possible Radiation: -treat as you would for a thermal burn -keep the person away from the source of the burn

question

What body structures do musculoskeletal injuries affect?

answer

Bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints

question

Describe a fracture.

answer

A complete break, chip, or crack in a bone. Can be open (broken skin) or closed (unbroken skin)

question

Describe a dislocation.

answer

The movement of a bone at a joint away from its normal position

question

Describe a sprain.

answer

The tearing of ligaments at a joint. Severe sprains may also involve fractures or dislocations.

question

Describe a strain.

answer

A stretching and tearing of muscles or tendons

question

What does R.I.C.E. stand for?

answer

R=*Rest*: limit use of the injured body part I=*Immobilize*: stabilize the injured body part with an elastic bandage or splint to limit motion C=*Cold*: Apply a cold pack (with a towelette as a buffer) E=*Elevate*: Elevate the injured body part

question

Besides calling 9-1-1, what is the most important thing to remember when you suspect a head, neck, or back injury?

answer

Make sure they do not move their head. You should approach them from the front, ask questions verbally so they do not move their neck, and support the head and neck in the position found.

question

What signs could signal a concussion?

answer

Problems with thinking + remembering, physical problems, emotional problems, and behavioral problems can all be signs of a concussion. More specifically: -bleeding from the ears or nose -seizure -problems with balance -nausea or vomiting -difficulty answering questions -change in behavior

question

List the 3 basic types of heat related illnesses in order of their severity and list 4 signals for each.

answer

1. Heat Cramps -often painful muscle spasms in the legs or abdomen 2. Heat Exhaustion -cool, moist, pale, ashen, or flushed skin -headache -nausea/dizziness -weakness + exhaustion 3. Heat Stroke -extremely high body temperature -dry or moist red skin -changes in consciousness -rapid, weak pulse -rapid, shallow breathing -confusion -vomiting -seizures

question

Describe the care that is given to EACH type of heat related illness.

answer

1. Heat Cramps: -move person to cool place to rest -give electrolyte/carb-containing fluids or water to keep them hydrated -lightly stretch + gently massage affected muscle 2. Heat Exhaustion: -move person to cool environment -loosen/remove clothing + apply cool, wet cloths -give fluids in small increments -call 911 if condition worsens 3. Heat Stroke: Call 911 immediately -rapidly cool person by immersing or dousing them in cold water *or* -sponge person in ice water-doused towels *or* -cover them with bags of ice

question

List and briefly describe the two types of cold related illnesses? (10 words or less)

answer

Frost Bite: freezing of body parts exposed to cold Hypothermia: body's ability to keep warm fails

question

Describe the care that is given to EACH type of cold related illness.

answer

Frost Bite: -call 911 if it is serious -minor: rewarm affected area with skin-to-skin contact, *do not rub* -more serious: gently soak in warm water, loosely bandage area Hypothermia: -call 911 immediately -remove wet clothing, dry the person, + put on dry clothing -move the person to a warm area + warm them by wrapping them in blankets to retain body heat -give warm liquids -severe hypothermia: check for consciousness, perform CPR and use AED if necessary

question

When a person becomes suddenly ill, he/she:

answer

Usually looks + feels sick

question

List 10 signals/symptoms of a possible sudden illness:

answer

-changes in level of consciousness -breathing problems -signals of a possible heart attack or stroke -loss of vision or blurred vision -signals of shock -sweating -persistent abdominal pain or pressure -nausea or vomiting -diarrea -seizures

question

What is the care for a seizure victim?

answer

-make the environment safe to prevent injury to the person -care for the person as you would an unconscious person: make sure the airway is open, roll them on their side if necessary -be comforting and reassuring -allow the person to rest -*do not*: try to stop the seizure, restrain the person, or put anything in their mouth

question

What does F.A.S.T. stand for AND in relation to what sudden illness?

answer

*Stroke* *F*ace: weakness, numbness, or drooping on one side of the face *A*rms: weakness or numbness in one arm *S*peech: slurred speech or difficulty speaking *T*ime: try to determine when the signals began, if any are present call 911 immediately

question

What is the care for a diabetic emergency?

answer

Give sugar: glucose tablets/paste, fruit juice, milk, non-diet soft drinks or sugar dissolved in water

question

Who would you call if you suspect a poisoning?

answer

The National Poison Control Center hotline: 1-800-222-1222

question

List two tick-borne illnesses:

answer

-Rocky Mountain spotted fever -Babesia infection -Ehrlichiosis -Lyme disease

question

What are signals of an insect sting?

answer

-presence of a stinger -pain -swelling -signals of an allergic reaction

question

What is the first aid for an insect sting?

answer

-remove any visible stinger -wash the sight with soap + water -cover the site + keep it clean -apply a cold pack to the area to reduce pain + swelling -call 911 if the person has trouble breathing or other signs of anaphylaxis

question

List 4 ways to help prevent bites from those pesky little critters:

answer

-wear long sleeved shirts + long pants in wooded areas -avoid underbrush + tall grass -inspect yourself carefully for insects or ticks after being outdoors -wear sturdy hiking boots

question

What is the basic first aid for an animal bite?

answer

-control any serious bleeding -do not clean serious wounds, but wash minor wounds with soap and water -apply antibiotic ointment + cover a minor wound with dressing -watch for signals of infection

American Red Cross First Aid, CPR, and AED (health packet answers) – Flashcards

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