American History – Chapter 7 Test Study Guide – Flashcards
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Cotton gin
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- "cotton engine" invented by Eli Whitney - machine that made cotton easier to clean
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Mass production
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- the production of goods in large quantities
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Industrial revolution
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- social and economic reorganization where machines replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed
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War of 1812
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- conflict between the US and Great Britain caused by the British blockading ports and their support for American Indians resisting westward expansion - led to the restrictions on US trade - ended by a treaty that restored all conquered territories to their owners before outbreak of war
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American System
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- Pre-Civil War set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy - contained plans for protective tariffs, a national bank, and the development of a transportation system
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Tariff
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- a tax or duty on imports and exports
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"Era of Good Feelings"
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- Madison's presidency
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Nationalism
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- placing the interest of the nation over everything else
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Sectionalism
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- placing the interests of one's own region over the interests of the nation as a whole
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Rush-Bagot Treaty
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- led the United States and Canada to completely demilitarize their common border - United States was ensuring national security by preventing future alteration with Canada
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Convention of 1818
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- fixed the U.S. border up to the Rocky Mountains - compromised with GB to jointly occupy the Oregon territory for ten years - US was making westward expansion while ensuring peace with GB (part of nationalism)
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Adams-Onis Treaty
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- Spain gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory Expansion and Florida to the US because they were too weak to police it
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Monroe Doctrine
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- policy that prevented any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere
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Missouri Compromise
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- a series of agreements passed by Congress to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states
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Indian Removal Act
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- act in which the federal government funded negotiating treaties to force Native Americans to move west
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Trail of Tears
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- The route that the United States government forced several Native American tribes to migrate to reservations west of the Mississippi River - Those who walked the trail suffered greatly from disease and mistreatment.
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Tariff of Abominations
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- John C. Calhoun's name for an 1828 tariff increase that Southerners thought to be profiting the North at their expense
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"The South Carolina Exposition"
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- a document that questioned John C. Calhoun's theory (states had the right to nullify a federal law that it considered unconstitutional) --> nullification theory
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Nullification
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- a state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional
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"King Andrew I"
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- political cartoon that portrays Jackson as king - contains scenes of Jackson holding a scepter & the veto with the Constitution ripped
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Eli Whitney
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- Inventor of the cotton gin
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Henry Clay
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- House Speaker and a good compromiser - promoted/created the American System
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John Marshall
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- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - made many decisions that strengthened the federal government and its control over the economy
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John Quincy Adams
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- secretary of state - got voted president by Henry Clay because of his belief in the American System
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Andrew Jackson
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- Was popularized as a war general, became president after Adams - He created the spoils system and removed Native Americans from US territory
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Daniel Webster
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- Massachusetts senator who rose in senate and delivered one of the greatest speeches in American history
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John C. Calhoun
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- Jackson's vice president (From South Carolina) - favored "Liberty first and Union afterwards"
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Gibbons v. Ogden
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- the court's ruling declared that the federal government (not the states) had the power to regulate interstate trade - strengthened the power of the national gov. by giving it the power to regulate just about everything that crosses state lines
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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- Chief Justice John Marshall strengthened the federal government's control over the economy - declared the Bank of the United States constitutional and denied Maryland the right to tax the Bank - the court's ruling supported the national gov. over the state gov.
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Fletcher v. Peck
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- Court nullified Georgia law that violated an individual's right to enter into contracts
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Worcester v. Georgia
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- the court had to rule whether the Cherokee had the right to remain in Georgia - they ruled in favor of the Cherokee nation saying that Georgia could not regulate Cherokee land - they view them as a distinct political community - (Gov't is STRONG) the national government is able to overrule the state gov. and declare that only the federal gov. can deal with the Native Americans because they were neither a foreign nation or a state
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Marbury v. Madison
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- the court declared that the law on which Marbury based his claim was unconstitutional, therefore not giving him his papers - Marshall pointed out, the power of the Supreme Court is set by the Constitution, and Congress does not have the authority to alter them --> (The Judiciary Act attempted to do just that) - this example of Judicial review relates to checks and balances because it prevents judiciary from becoming too powerful
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Nationalism v. Sectionalism
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- Nationalism represented Constitution ideals with a strong national government - Sectionalism represented Confederation ideals with a strong state government
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Nationalism Examples
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- The American System - Monroe Doctrine - Compromise of 1818
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Sectionalism Examples
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- Industrial Revolution - Missouri Compromise - Development of different economic systems in the North and South
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American System Components
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- to make US economically self-sufficient - network of infrastructure (transportation) - national bank (resurrection) - to create a protective tariff
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American System Causes
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- War of 1812 - The government needed money and realized how hard it was to transport military
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American System Effects
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- South feared that the system benefited the North heavily because they have to buy industrial goods from the North - (North getting wealthier from the South's expenses)
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Missouri Debate Causes
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- There were 11 free states and 11 stave states so Missouri was crucial to the balance of the two sides
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Missouri Debate Effects
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- Henry Clay designed the Missouri Compact (states divided by 36º, 30º) - Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri was admitted a slave - Louisiana Territory split in half for the two groups - Slavery was banned North of the line and was allowed South of the line
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Reaction of the Missouri Debate
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- Jefferson feared the Union's future after the compromise - For a generation, the problem of slavery was temporarily settled
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Solution for the Missouri Debate
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- Under Henry Clay, Congress temporarily solved the crisis with a series of arrangements called the Missouri Compromise
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Role of Executive Branch in Indian Removal
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- Jackson disregarded the Judicial Branch and removes Cherokee from their land anyways - "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it"
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Role of Judicial Branch in Indian Removal
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- Court declared that Georgia government was wrong - Stated they cannot evict Cherokee off their land because they are an "independent political entity"
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Role of Legislative Branch in Indian Removal
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- Passed an act to exchange lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories for their displacement West of the Mississippi River - This gave the President power to oversee removal and negotiations with NA
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States' Rights in the Nullification Crisis
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- South Carolina argued that they had the right to nullify any federal laws they felt was unconstitutional
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Federal Authority in the Nullification Crisis
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- They stated that the states willingly joined the US Union - Said that they "owed obedience to the Constitution and to laws made in conformity with the powers vested in Congress"
