question

T/F A theory is a statement of how and why facts are related.

answer

True

question

T/F Robert Merton argued that manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.

answer

True

question

T/F The chief characteristic of the social-conflict approach is its vision of society as stable and orderly.

answer

False

question

T/F Structural-functional theories might explain the high rate of divorce by looking at society's basic inequalities between males and females.

answer

False

question

Sociology is the systematic study of: A. the consumption of goods and services in a society. B. personality and human development C. common sense knowledge D. human society

answer

D. human society

question

Which approach focuses on how society is experienced and how individual behavior changes from one situation to another? A. the structural-functional approach B. the macro-level approach C. the social-conflict approach D. the symbolic-interaction approach

answer

D. the symbolic-interaction approach

question

Karl Marx believed that: A. Race as the major problem facing the U.S. in the 20th century B. the importance of social class in inequality and social conflict C. social structure refers to any relatively stable patterns of social behavior found in social institutions D. None of the above

answer

B. the importance of social class in inequality and social conflict.

question

_________ _________ views society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and social change.

answer

Social-conflict

question

_________ __________ is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

answer

Structural-functional

question

_________ _________ are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.

answer

Manifest functions

question

Which of the following social scientists founded Hull House? -Max Weber -Harriet Martineau -Jane Addams -Talcott Parsons

answer

Jane Addams

question

T/F The values of a common culture do not change.

answer

False

question

T/F Members of a subculture participate in the dominant culture, while at the same time engaging in unique and distinctive forms of behavior.

answer

True

question

T/F Anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture may be experiencing "cultural distinction", termed by Emile Durkheim.

answer

False

question

T/F Language can transmit stereotypes related to race.

answer

True

question

T/F Material culture is a reflection of a society's technology.

answer

True

question

T/F Some values are inconsistent and even contradict each other.

answer

True

question

Culture includes: A. only the nonmaterial products of a society. B. only the material products of a society. C. the land around us. D. the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.

answer

D. the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.

question

Which of the following items does sociologist Robin Williams not consider a key value in U.S. culture? A. Achievement and success B. Democracy and free enterprise C. Speaking only English in public D. Racism and group superiority

answer

C. Speaking only English in public

question

Of all the world's countries, the U.S. is the most: A. Multicultural B. Culturally uniform C. Slowly changing D. Resistant to cultural diversity

answer

A. Multicultural

question

Ideas created by members of a society are part of: A. high culture B. material culture C. norms D. non-material culture

answer

D. non-material culture

question

T/F Karl Marx coined the term sociology.

answer

False (Auguste Comte)

question

T/F There are four major theoretical approaches within the discipline of sociology.

answer

False

question

T/F Robert Merton argued that manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.

answer

True

question

T/F The chief characteristic of the social-conflict approach is its vision of society as stable and orderly.

answer

False

question

T/F The United States is the most multicultural of all the high-income countries in the world.

answer

True

question

T/F Social-conflict analysis largely ignores diversity within a society.

answer

False

question

T/F Material culture is a reflection of a society's technology.

answer

True

question

T/F Like all elements of culture, values change over time.

answer

True

question

T/F New information technology does not help generate culture.

answer

False

question

T/F Social science is the study of the social features of humans and the ways they interact and change.

answer

True

question

T/F In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between two classes that clash in pursuit of their own interests.

answer

True

question

T/F Sociologist Robert Merton made an important contribution to the discipline of sociology by arguing that the working class needed to overthrow the existing class system.

answer

False

question

T/F Macro-sociology stresses the study of small groups, often through experimental means in laboratories.

answer

False

question

T/F The structural-functionalist perspective emphasizes the way in which parts of a society are structured to maintain it's stability.

answer

True

question

T/F The term latent function refers to an element or process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or reduce its stability.

answer

False

question

T/F The conflict theorists are interested in how society's institutions may help to maintain the privileges of some groups and keep others in a subservient position.

answer

True

question

T/F In sociological terms, culture refers solely to the fine arts and refined intellectual taste.

answer

False

question

T/F Language is an example of a cultural universal.

answer

True

question

T/F The values of a common culture do not change.

answer

False

question

T/F Members of a subculture participate in the dominant culture, while at the same time engaging in unique and distinctive forms of behavior.

answer

True

question

T/F Anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or even fearful, when immersed in an unfamiliar culture may be experiencing cultural lag.

answer

False

question

T/F The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society is referred to as innovation.

answer

False

question

Culture is defines as: A. the largest form of human group. B. the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. C. the established standards of behavior maintained by a society. D. norms governing everyday behavior.

answer

B. the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior.

question

People's need for food, shelter, and clothing are examples of what Murdock referred to as: A. norms B. folkways C. cultural practices D. cultural universals

answer

D. cultural universals

question

The finding of the DNA molecule is an example of a/an: A. invention B. discovery C. cultural universal D. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

B. discovery

question

Health, love, and democracy are examples of: A. mores B. values C. folkways D. sanctions

answer

B. Values

question

Which theoretical perspective maintains that stability requires a consensus and the support of society's members? A. social-conflict theory B. Symbolic-interaction theory C. Moulton-social control theory D. structural-functionalist theory

answer

D. structural-functionalist theory

question

Which of the following statements is true from a social-conflict perspective? A. Stability requires a consensus and the support of a society's members B. Cultural traits all work toward stabilizing society C. A common culture serves to maintain the privileges of certain groups. D. Practices such as prostitution continue to survive because they contribute to the overall social stability.

answer

C. a common culture serves to maintain the privileges of certain groups.

question

Which one of the following terms describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests? A. mores B. dominant ideology C. consensus D. values

answer

B. dominant ideology

question

An American touring different parts of China wants local meat for dinner, but is shocked to learn that the specialty in one restaurant is dog meat. This illustrates: A. counterculture B. dominant ideology C. a cultural universal D. culture shock

answer

D. culture shock

question

Terrorists groups are examples of: A. cultural universals B. subcultures C. countercultures D. dominant ideologies

answer

C. countercultures

question

What term do sociologists use to refer to a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society? A. dominant culture B. counterculture C. subculture D. superculture

answer

C. subculture

question

What is he term used when one places a priority on understanding other cultures, rather than dismissing them as "weird", "strange" or"exotic"? A. ethnocentrism B. cultural shock C. cultural relativism D. xenocentrism

answer

C. cultural relativism

question

Evaluating the practices of other cultures on the basis of our own perspective is referred to as: A. ethnocentrism B. cultural shock C. cultural relativism D. xenocentrism

answer

A. ethnocentrism

question

Sociology is: A. an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society B. the scientific study of social behavior and human groups C. concerned with what one individual does or does not do D. very narrow in scope

answer

B. the scientific study of social behavior and human groups

question

Which sociologist perspective holds that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability or survival it will not be passed on from one generation to the next? A. Social-conflict B. Symbolic-interactionist C. Finnegan's Law of micro-sociology D. Structural-functionalist

answer

D. Structural-functionalist perspective

question

Which sociological perspective assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between competing groups? A. social-conflict B. symbolic-interactionist C. Durkheim's micro-sociology D. structural-functionalist

answer

A. social-conflict

question

Which theoretical perspective would examine society on the micro level (street-level) by focusing on how day-today social behavior is shaped by the distinctive norms, values, and demands of the world of sports? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. both a and b

answer

C. interactionist

question

Within sociology, a/an _______ is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior. A. theory B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. correlation

answer

A. theory

question

________ and Friedrich Engels prepared a platform called The Communist Manifesto, in which they argued that the masses of people who have no resources other than their labor (the proletariat) should unite to fight for the overthrow of capitalist societies. A. Karl Marx B. Emile Durkheim C. Max Weber D. Herbert Spencer

answer

A. Karl Marx

question

Thinking of society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival is a reflection of which theoretical perspective? A. Symbolic-interactionist B. Structural-functionalist C. Social-conflict D. Gender-feminist

answer

B. Structural-functionalist

question

________ functions of institutions are open, stated, and conscious. A. Manifest B. Latent C. Dysfunction D. Structural

answer

A. Manifest

question

Latent functions are: A. open, stated, and conscious B.disruptive and threaten stability C. unconscious and/or unintended D. destructive

answer

C. unconscious and/or unintended

question

The ________ perspective generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole. A. Social-conflict B. Structural-functionalist C. Symbolic-interactionist D. Gender-feminist

answer

C. Symbolic-interactionist

question

The _________ views culture as a relatively stable system built on core values. A. sociobiological approach B. structural-functional approach C. symbolic-interaction approach D. social-conflict approach

answer

B. Structural-functional approach

question

Arguments supporting multiculturalism include all of the following except: A. it is a good way to strengthen the academic achievements of African American children B. it is a way to come to terms with our country's increasing social diversity. C. making English the official language of the U.S. D. it will break down barriers of historical traditions.

answer

C. making English the official language of the U.S.

question

T/F Psychological theories explain all types of deviance.

answer

False

question

T/F In order to understand deviance fully, we must look at how a society defines deviance, who is labeled as deviant, and how a society is organized.

answer

True

question

T/F We socially construct our behavior so the male-female differences are either created or exaggerated.

answer

True

question

T/F Income tax evasion, stock manipulation, consumer fraud, and bribery are examples of street-crime.

answer

False

question

T/F Functionalists maintain that gender differentiation masks underlying power relations between men and women.

answer

False

question

T/F Violence against women is not a widespread problem in the United States.

answer

False

question

T/F Because society gives more men more power and other resources than it gives women, gender is an important dimension of social stratification.

answer

True

question

T/F The challenges to effective social control is that people often receive competing messages about how to behave.

answer

True

question

T/F Informal social control is carried out by authorized agents, such as managers of movie theaters.

answer

False

question

T/F Law may be defined as governmental social control.

answer

True

question

T/F People from lower social positions generally commit more street crime than people with greater social privilege.

answer

True

question

T/F Conflict theorists see gender differences as a reflection of the subjugation of one group (women) by another group (men).

answer

True

question

T/F Gender shapes our interests and beliefs about our own abilities.

answer

True

question

T/F Most people display strictly "masculine" or "feminine" qualities all the time.

answer

False

question

T/F Overall, the rates of serious violent and property crimes are lower in the U.S. than in Europe.

answer

False

question

T/F Societal protection is how a society renders an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through incarceration or permanently by execution.

answer

True

question

T/F For sociologists, the term deviance does not mean perversion or depravity.

answer

True

question

T/F Two co-workers appear to have a mutual romantic interest in each other. They agree to go on a date (diner and a movie) since they work together this is a quid pro quo and is defined by the courts as sexual harassment.

answer

False

question

T/F Sex refers to the meaning a culture attaches to being female or male.

answer

False

question

T/F From a sociological perspective, deviance is objective; it is set in stone.

answer

False

question

T/F According to conflict theorists, deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive (as well as negative) consequences for social stability.

answer

False

question

T/F Edwin Sutherland used the term differential association to describe the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules.

answer

True

question

T/F Religion and religious groups as social institutions also engage in many forms of social control.

answer

True

question

Both males and females are physically capable of learning to cook and sew, yet most Western societies determine that these tasks should be performed by women. This illustrates the operation of: A. gender roles B. sociobiology C. homophobia D. comparable worth

answer

A. gender roles

question

Which sociological perspective contends that the relationship between females and males has traditionally been one of unequal power with men in a dominant position over women? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. dramaturgical

answer

B. conflict

question

Which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive? A. conflict B. interactionist C. functionalist D. feminist

answer

C. functionalist

question

Which sociological perspective would argue that sanctions against deviant behavior help to reinforce society's standards of proper behavior? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist

answer

A. functionalist

question

According to Durkheim, which of the following is not one of the functions of deviance? A. Responding to deviance promotes social unity B. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms C. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries D. Deviance inhibits social change

answer

D. Deviance inhibits social change

question

Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. This process is termed: A. stigmatization B. labeling C. law D. social control

answer

D. social control

question

Which of the following is not an example of informal social control? A. jail B. laughter C. raising of an eyebrow D. ridicule

answer

A. jail

question

According to the _______ paradigm, laws and other norms reflect the interests of powerful members of a society. A. structural-functional B. postmodern C. symbolic-interaction D. social-conflict

answer

D. social-conflict

question

Police officers, school administrators, employers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of: A. informal social control B. formal social control C. the state D. the government

answer

B. formal social control

question

Deviance is: A. always criminal behavior B. behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. C. perverse behavior D. inappropriate behavior that cuts across all cultures and social orders.

answer

B. behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

question

What are the four justifications of punishment?

answer

Retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, societal protection.

question

Criminal acts against a person or a person's property motivated by bias are called: A. organized crimes B. hate crimes C. crimes against property D. victimless crimes

answer

B. hate crimes

question

For all of us raised in the U.S. society, gender shapes our: A. feelings B.thoughts C. actions D. all of the above

answer

D .all of the above

question

There is a "beauty myth" in the U.S. that encourages: A. women to believe that their personal importance depends on their looks B. beautiful women to think they do not need men C. men to improve their physical appearance in order to attract women D. women to think they are as physically attractive as today's men

answer

A. women to believe that their personal importance depends on their looks

question

Gender is not only a matter of difference but also a matter of: A. Power B. Wealth C. Prestige D. all of the above are correct

answer

D. all of the above are correct

question

For which of the following categories of people in the U.S. is it true that women DO MORE housework than men? A. people who work for income B. people who are married C. people who have children D. all of the above are correct

answer

D. all of the above are correct

question

Crime is a special kind of deviance that: A. refers to violations of the law B. involves punishment C. refers to violations of any of a society's norms D. always involves a particular person as the offender

answer

A. refers to violations of the law

question

A social-conflict approach claims that WHO a society labels "deviant" depends on: A. who does and does not have power B. a society's moral values C. how often the behavior occurs D. how harmful the behavior is

answer

A. who does and does not have power

question

Stealing a laptop computer from the study lounge in a college dorm is an example of which of the following criminal offenses? A. burglary B. motor vehicle theft C. armed robbery D. larceny

answer

D. larceny

question

Which of the following is the oldest justification for punishing an offender? A. deterrence B. societal protection C. retribution D. rehabilitation

answer

C. retribution

question

Social control carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule.

answer

informal social control

question

Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.

answer

gender role

question

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other.

answer

sexism

question

A criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation.

answer

hate crime

question

The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women.

answer

feminism

question

The work of a group that regulates relations among various criminal enterprises, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs.

answer

organized crime

question

A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.

answer

crime

question

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

answer

deviance

question

Illegal acts committed by affluent, "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities.

answer

white-collar crime

question

An aspect of the socialization process within total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals.

answer

degradation ceremony

question

Social control carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers.

answer

formal social control

question

a term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services.

answer

victimless crime

question

Behavior that occurs when work benefits are made contingent on sexual favors, or when touching, lewd comments, or exhibition of pornographic material creates a "hostile environment" in the workplace.

answer

sexual harassment

question

Name the three entities of the criminal justice system:

answer

Law enforcement, Court system, Corrections

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