Alcohol & Tobacco – Flashcards
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Which is higher, perceived alcohol consumption or actual consumption?
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perceived alcohol consumption
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What is the definition as binge drinking?
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5 or more for men and 4 or more for women in 2 hours or less
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What is the proof of alcohol?
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double the percent alcohol
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What is one drink of alcohol?
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14g
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How much is one drink of beer and what's the ABV?
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12 oz. at 4-5%
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How much is one drink of wine and what's the ABV?
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5 oz. at 12-14%
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How much is one drink of an 80 proof drink and what's the ABV?
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1.5 oz. at 40%
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How much is on drink of a 100 proof drink and what's the ABV?
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1 oz. at 50%
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What type of beer has a higher ABV?
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microbrew
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What is the path of alcohol?
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mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, blood- brain
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Where is most of alcohol absorbed?
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small intestine 80%
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What kind of drug is alcohol?
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central nervous system depressant
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Where is alcohol mainly metabolized?
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liver
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How is alcohol excreted?
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through the breath, urine ,feces, milk, saliva
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What factors influence absorption?
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amount ingested, proof of beverage, speed of consumption, CO2, sex, body mass and percent fat, food, medication
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What does a carbonated drink effect?
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increased rate of absorption
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What does a higher percent fat do?
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increased blood alcohol consumption
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What activity is lower in women?
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ADH or alcohol dehydrogenase
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When is BAC slightly higher in women?
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prior to menstration
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With high amount of fat, what does BAC do?
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increased BAC
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What does tolerance effect with alcohol?
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impairment differences but no BAC difference
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What is the path that alcohol gets metabolized in the liver?
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alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, acetate
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What is acetate broken into?
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CO2 and eventually H2O
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What causes flushing syndrome?
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slow acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
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What happens when you speed up ADH?
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there's a build up of ALDH
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Which chemical do you not want a lot of?
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acetaldehyde
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What are the immediate effects of alcohol on the CNS?
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impaired reaction time and motor coordination; impaired judgement and sedation: coma and death at high BAC's
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What are the immediate effects of alcohol on the senses?
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Less acute vision, smell, taste, and hearing
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What are the immediate effects of alcohol on the stomach?
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Nausea, inflammation, and bleeding
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What are the immediate effects of alcohol on the skin?
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Flushing, sweating, heat loss and hypothermeia
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What are the immediate effects of alcohol on sexual functioning?
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in men: reduced erection response in women: much less likely to get orgasm
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What are effects of chronic alcohol use on the brain?
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Damaged/destroyed brain cells, impaired memory,brain atrophy
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What are effects of chronic use of alcohol on the cardiovascular system?
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weakened cardiac muscle, elevated blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, increased risk of stroke
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What are effects of chronic use of alcohol on the breasts?
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increased risk of breast cancer
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What are effects of chronic use of alcohol on digestive system?
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cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, increased risk of cancers of the lip, mouth, larynx, esophagus, liver, rectum, stomach, and pancrease
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What are effects of chronic use of alcohol on nutrition?
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nutrient deficiencies, obesity
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What are effects of chronic use of alcohol on reproductive system?
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Women: menstrual irregularities Men: impotence and impaired sperm production
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What are effects of chronic alcohol use on bone?
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increased risk of osteoporosis, increased risk of fractures from frequent falls
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What part of the brain is affected by alcohol first?
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forebrain: assaults motor coordination and decision making
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What part of the brain is affected by alcohol second?
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alcohol knocks out the midbrain, and you lose control over emotions and increase chance of a blackout
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What part of the brain is affected by alcohol last?
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brainstem- affects heart rate, body temperature, appetite, and consciousness, dangerous and potentially fatal condition
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What are the possible benefits of moderate alcohol consumption?
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decreased risk of CVD, stroke and sudden cardiac death increased HDL decreased insulin sensitivity (lower blood sugar) decreased risk of type II diabetes decreased risk of kidney stones and gallstones reduced stress and anxiety
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What does red wine have that benefits us?
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antioxidants
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What is the leading preventable cause of death in the US?
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cigarette smoking
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How many deaths does tobacco account for?
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1 of every 5 deaths
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How many adults smoke cigarettes?
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20.9% or 45.1 million
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What are reasons people smoke?
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social and psychological factors, use in combination with other habits, genetic factors
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Define secondary reinforcer.
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activities that trigger the urge to smoke
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How does nicotine affect brain chemistry?
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causes the release of neurotransmitters and hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
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How does nicotine affect the CNS?
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increases heart rate and blood pressure, enhances alertness and concentration
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How can tobacco act as a mild stimulant?
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can relieve anxiety, irritability and mold depression
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What are the side effects of nicotine on blood?
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increased clotting tendencies
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What are the side effects of nicotine on CNS?
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lightheadedness, headache, sleep disturbances, abnormal dreams, irritability, dizziness
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What are the side effects of nicotine on the heart?
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increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, tachycardia, arrhythmia's, coronary artery constrction
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What percent of people start smoking again within a year?
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75%
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How many people quit after attending smoking clinics?
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60-80%
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Who makes up 90% of new smokers in the US?
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children and teens
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What is the average age that people start using tobacco?
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about 15
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Why do people start smoking?
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deny the health risk and a sense of invincibility
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When is a child more likely to use tobacco?
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parents or siblings use, peers use, come from blue collar family, come from low income home, single parent, drop out of school, positive attitude towards tobacco
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What do you get when you condense the off put smoke?
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tar
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Has nicotine been shown to cause cancer?
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not by itself
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What do carcinogens do?
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combine with other chemicals to cause cancer
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How does carbon monoxide do in the body?
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displaces oxygen in red blood cells and is 400x greater than is considered safe in industrial workplaces
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What does nicotine do to the nervous system?
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excites or tranquilizes depending on dosage
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What is mild nicotine poisoning?
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new smokers get dizzy, faintness, rapid pulse, cold and clammy, nausea and vomiting
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What does adrenaline do when released?
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increased heart rate and blood pressure requiring the heart to work harder to deliver oxygenated blood to the body
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Has smoking been associated with weight loss?
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no, depression of hunger and dulling of taste buds
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What are the long term effects of smoking?
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CVD, coronary heart disease, athersclerosis: narrowing of arteries, angina aneurysm: chest pain, myocardial infarction, stroke, aortic aneurysm: bulge in aorta caused by weak walls, pulmonary heart disease: disorder on the right side of the heart caused by damaged blood vessels of the lungs, COPD
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What lung cancer linked to?
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cigarette smoke
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What is the 3rd leading cause of death?
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COPD
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Define emphysema.
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a disease characterized by a loss of lung tissue elasticity and break up alveoli
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What happens when you have emphysema?
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constant feeling of gasping for air, heart must pump harder , may become enlarged, supplemental oxygen may be necessary
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What is chronic bronchitis?
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recurrent, persistent inflammation of the bronchial tubes. excessive mucus secretion and chronic cough
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What are health concerns of smoking?
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ulcers, impotence, reduced fertility, dental diseases, diminished physical senses, premature wrinkling and baldness
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How are nicotine and carcinogens absorbed with spit?
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through the gums
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How much do risks of oral cancer increase with spit?
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50 times
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Who are cigars and pipes most popular with?
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white males 18-24
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What do cigars have that cigarettes don't?
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more tobacco, nicotine, and tar
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What makes ecigarettes different?
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they aren't regulated and could have more than nicotine in them and anyone can buy them. they produce vapor instead of smoke
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What is environmental tobacco smoke?
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2nd hand smoke
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Is ETS a carcinogen?
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class A carcinogen
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What are the two types of ETS?
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mainstream smoke: exhaled by smoker and sidestream smoke: from the burning end of the cigarette, cigar or pipe
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What do nonsmokers subjected to ETS form?
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cough, headache and nasal discomfort, eye irritation, allergies
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How many deaths does ETS attribute to?
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35,000 a year in the US
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What are the risks of ETS?
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24-50% inreased risk of lung cancer with regular exposure, atherosclerosis, breast and cervical cancer, aggravates asthma
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What are the options for quitting smoking?
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cold turkey, smoking cessation programs: quit lines, products (chantix, Zyban), nicotine replacements (patches, gums, etc.)
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What behavioral factors increase chances of success?
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support from others and regular exercise
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What happens within 20 minutes of your last cigarette?
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stop polluting the air and blood pressure and heart rate drop to normal
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What happens within 8 hours?
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carbon monoxide and oxygen levels in blood return to normal
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What happens within 24 hours?
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chances of heart attack decrease
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What happens within 48 hours?
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nerve endings start regrowing, ability to smell and taste is enhanced
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What happens in 2-3 months?
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circulation improves, lung function increases up to 30%
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What happens in 1-9 months?
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coughing, sinus congestion, fatigue and shortness of breath decrease- fell better
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What happens in a year?
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heart disease rate is half that of a smoker
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What happens in 5 years?
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stroke rate drops nearly to the risk of nonsmokers
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What happens in 10 years?
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lung cancer death rate drops to 50% that of continuing smokers, incidence of other cancers and ulcers decrease
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What happens in 15 years?
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risk of lung cancer is about 25% of continuing smokers, risk of heart disease and death are close to those of nonsmokers
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Is hookah a safe alternative to cigarettes?
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no, tobacco is tobacco
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How much more smoke is there in hookah than a cigarette?
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100-200 times the volume of a cigarette from 60 minutes of inhalation
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How much more nicotine is in hookah tobacco?
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4 times
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What does water do to the smoke in hookah?
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cools it so the smoke can be inhaled deeper
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What does the sharing of mouthpieces increase risk of?
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colds, oral bacterial infections, hepatitis, tuberculosis, herpes
