AJS 123 Exam #1 – Flashcards
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The term _______________ refers to what is judged as good conduct.
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Morality
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The application of ethical principles to specific issues such as social research or medical practice is ____________ethics.
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applied
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While duties are what you must do in order to be good, ______________ are commendable but not required actions.
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superogatories
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Rain is good is an example of a ___________statement.
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value
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What is a part of every ethical system?
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An explicit value system
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Our behavior is influenced by our value system? True or False?
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True, behavior and conduct is generally the best indicator of what a person values.
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The value of survival is particular to the U.S. ethical system? True or False?
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False, survival is a basic human value that underpins all ethical systems.
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Behavioral decisions that can be judged under ethical standards involve______________.
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free will
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We usually discuss moral or immoral behavior only in cases in which the behavior significantly __________________.
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affects others
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Most behaviors that might be judged as ethical or unethical for criminal justice professionals fall into four major categories including these three____________, ______________, ____________.
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theft, malfeasance, and gossip.
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Broad social questions, often concerning the government's social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed are called _________ __________.
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ethical issues
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Would whether you personally should use marijuana for medicinal purposes be an ethical issue?
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No
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An ________ ______best describes a situation in which one person must make a decision about what is the best thing to do?
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ethical dilemma
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Seeking the advice of moral or ethical judges is one of the steps to resolving an individual or group ethical dilemma? True or False?
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False, this is not included in the ethical dilemma resolution matrix.
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A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as: ________ ________
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ethical system
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The concept or belief in God is required for any ethical system? True or False?
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False, God is the giver of rules on good and evil for religious based ethical systems but other ethical systems do not require a belief in the existence of God or any universal god inspired revelation.
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___________ ethical systems focus on intent instead of consequences.
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deontological
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An ethical system which judges the consequences of an act is referred to as ____________.
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teleological
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A rule that states that, "Lying is never justified" would be an example of statement consistent with the ethical system of _____________.
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formalism
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In ______________ utilitarianism, one judges an action in reference to the precedent it sets and the long-term utility of the rule set by that action.
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rule
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Is humility one of the six pillars of character?
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No
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Ehtics of _______ is the system concerned with needs and relationships?
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Care
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_____________________ postulates that what is good for one's survival and personal happiness is moral.
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Egoism
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_________ ____________ describes the position of what is good or bad changes depending on the individual or group, and that are no moral absolutes.
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Ethical relativism
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The mediator between people's essential selfishness and generosity is referred to as ___________.
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justice
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The ____________ theory of distributive justice would be most opposed to government involvement in the distribution of goods.
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libertarian
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___________________ theories of distributive justice attempt to maximize benefits for individuals and society in a mixed emphasis on entitlements and needs.
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Utilitarian
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The ______ __ _______ ethical system is most consistent with a Marxist theory of distributive justice.
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Ethics of care
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While __________________ justice involves the concept of just deserts, __________________ justice concerns the steps we must take before administering punishment.
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substantive, procedural
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Substantive justice and procedural justice are components of _____________ justice.
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corrective
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Retributive justice is best described as attempting to bring ___________ to our criminal justice process.
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balance
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An ancient right based on church power which allowed a person respite from punishment as long as he or she was within the confines of church grounds is called _________________.
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sanctuary
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The type of justice that looks to the greatest good for all as the desired end is called ___________ justice.
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Utilitarian
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Deterrence is the central theme of __________ theory of corrective justice
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Utilitarian
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Procedural protections that are part of due process include a right to have the proceedings or trial restarted after a verdict.True or False?
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False, Once a verdict is rendered there is no right to have a new trial or proceeding unless and until an appeals court determines that process was unfair.
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The voluntary breaking of established laws based on one's moral beliefs is called _____ ________.
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civil disobedience
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___________ _____________ is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of all concerned.
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Restorative Justice
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____________ justice is most closely associated with discussions of criminal law.
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Corrective
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Moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement is a statement that reflects moral _____________ theory.
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learning
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Moral ____________ is a term not generally associated with learning theory.
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reasoning
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Ethical leaders should foster personal relationships with their subordinates in order to facilitate _________ of ethical conduct.
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modeling
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The discomfort that results when behavior is not consistent with beliefs is called ___________ _________.
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cognitive dissonance
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Social learning theory reflects the idea of modeling as the mechanism of development. True or False?
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True
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Social learning theorists believe that as we develop, we move from pure egoism toward altruism. True or False?
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False
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According to Kohlberg, the first stage of moral development is called the __________ and _________ stage.
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punishment/disobedience
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During Kohlberg's __________________level, the person approaches a moral issue motivated purely by personal interests.
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pre-conventional
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During Kohlberg's __________________ level, a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all societies.
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post conventional
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During Kohlberg's __________________ level, people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good.
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conventional
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According to the "corruption continuum" organizations can become corrupt through charismatic leadership. True or False?
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False
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The condition in which a worker has abandoned the mission of the organization and is just "going through the motions" is called ________ ______.
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burn out
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Moral ___________ is assigned to all human beings since we have the ability to decide what is good or bad.
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responsibility
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We make ethical ___________using rationales derived from traditional and historical ethical systems.
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judgements
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Ethical systems are the same as moral rules.True or False?
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False
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Ethical formalism is a ____________ type of ethical system.
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Deontological
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Giving someone a car because they need it, and then having them die in a car crash because the brakes failed is a good act under the system of Ethical ____________
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Formalism
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____________would sacrifice the individual for the good of the majority.
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Utilitarianism
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____________ justice deals with how to achieve a fair resolution between individuals when one feels they have been wronged.
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Rectificatory
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______________justice involves the determination of just deserts.
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Substantive
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Procedural justice necessarily produces substantive justice. True or False?
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True
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Under the retributive system, the reason we punish is to balance the rights of victims and offenders in society. True or False?
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True
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Under the ________ rationale for punishment, we weigh the punishment to the crime in order to deter other criminal conduct and to assure the safety of the majority of society.
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utilitarian
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According to Kohlberg, all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage. True or False?
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False
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Morality?
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a system of determination of right and wrong conduct that is based on individual judgments and values and is generally self determined.
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Ethics?
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a system of analysis or thinking about how good is determined and determines the rules developed for various groups in society by which the right conduct is determined by and for the members of that group.
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Ethical Issue?
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a broad social question involving right or wrong and is generally group determined. It may not have an impact on any single individual.
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Ethical Dilemma?
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a decision faced by an individual where the right thing to do is not clear or the temptation to do the wrong thing is strong. The decision will generally have some immediate impact on the individual making the decision.
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Teleological Systems?
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ethical systems that make a determination of right by predicting the outcome or impact of the decision.
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Deontological Systems?
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ethical systems that determine the right by the motivation of the actor to do the right thing and to fulfill their duty to others and society or group.
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Ethics of Care?
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based on bringing about an outcome that builds human relationships and demonstrates caring for everyone involved.
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Utilitarianism?
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determines the right by what would benefit the most members of the group or society or by maximizing pleasure and reducing pain to the most people.
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Natural Law Ethical System?
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look to nature to interpret universal principles of right and wrong. Right is what is natural. God is not required for for this type of ethical system.
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Religion as an Ethical System?
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determines the good according to law/rules established or interpreted from God however god is defined.
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Substantive Justice?
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means the law itself must be fair and just.
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Procedural Justice?
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means that the process by which the law is applied is fair, equal and just.
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Kohlberg's moral development theory?
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rejected learning theory and proposed that all humans develop their ability to reason morally in stages just as they develop physically and cognitively. He developed a set of six stages or steps in moral development that he believed applied throughout societies universally and described how people developed and to what extent they developed the ability to reason morally and apply ethical principles.
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What problems do critics of Kolhberg's theory of moral development see in his ideas?
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The primary criticism is the limited scope of the research on which he based his theory. Only males were tested and it may be that females develop moral reasoning differently than males. The number and scope of his subjects was also limited.
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The term ______________ refers to the power to make a decision or choice.
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discretion
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The study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct is called ____________.
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ethics
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___________________ refers to the study of ethics applied to a specific profession or subject.
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Applied ethics
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The term _________________ refers to applied ethics relevant to a particular occupation or profession.
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professional ethics
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The term __________________ refers to commendable actions that are not required in order to be considered moral.
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superagatories
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_____________________ are defined as judgments of desirability, worth, or importance.
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Values
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Ethical ____________________are broad social questions, often concerning the government's social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed.
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issues
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Duties?
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required obligations that are expected to be fulfilled due to status or position.
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Superogatories?
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are not required but are actions that go beyond what may be expected "above the call of duty."
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List and discuss the five steps used to clarify any ethical dilemma that are presented in the class?
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Review all the relevant facts. Identify relevant potential values. Identify various ethical issues for all parties. Decide which ethical issues must be resolved and what conduct standards apply (ethical system). Resolve the dilemma.
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In common usage, the terms "ethical" and "moral" are often considered as being interchangeable. True or False?
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True
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Superogatories are actions that a moral person must perform. True or False?
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False
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Moral culpability is assigned to all human beings since we have the ability to decide what is good or bad. True or False?
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True
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The first step in analyzing an ethical dilemma is to consider the underlying values of each of the involved parties. True or False?
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False
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We make ethical judgments using rationales derived from traditional and historical ethical systems. True or False?
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True
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__________________ ethics determine what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis.
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Normative
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In ______________ utilitarianism, one judges an action in reference to the precedent it sets and the long-term utility of the rule set by that action.
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rule
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In _______________ utilitarianism, only the basic utility derived from an action is examined.
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act
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The authority of religious ethics, in particular such as those of Judeo-Christian ethics, stems from a willful and rational _____.
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God
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The __________ _____ ethical system embraces human's inclination for self-preservation.
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natural law
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_____________________ postulates that what is good for one's survival and personal happiness is moral.
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Egoism
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________________________________ describes the position of what is good or bad changes depending on the individual or group, and that are no moral absolutes.
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Ethical relativism
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Ethical systems are the same as moral rules. True or False?
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True
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Ethical formalism is a deontological ethical system. True or False?
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True
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Telling a lie to someone who doesn't deserve the truth is not a lie according to Ethical Formalism. True or False?
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True
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Utilitarianism would sacrifice the individual for the good of the majority. True or False?
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True
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Under the Ethics of Virtue you can have an excess of honor, truth, or shame. True or False?
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True
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The imperative principle is associated with utilitarianism. True or False?
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True
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Ethical systems are exclusive, meaning that their defining precepts never overlap with other ethical systems. True or False?
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False
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______________________________ refer to the study of duty or moral obligation emphasizing the intent of the actor or good will as the element of morality.
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Deontological ethical system
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The term ____________________holds that the only thing truly good is a good will, and what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative ethical system.
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Ethical Formalism
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_____________________ is an ethical system that defines good as that which results in the greatest good for the greatest number.
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Utilitarianism
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_____________________ exist apart from humankind and can be discovered by reason or science.
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natural laws
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____________________ is an ethical system that bases ethics largely upon character and possession of virtues.
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Ethics of Virtue
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____________________ is an ethical system that defines what is good as meeting needs and preserving and enriching relationships.
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Ethics of Care
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According to the concept of ______________________ humans naturally and inherently seek self-interest, and that they can do nothing else because it is their nature.
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psychological egoism
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The term ____________________ refers to the idea that many values and behaviors differ from culture to culture and are functional to the culture that holds them.
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cultural relativism
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______________________ is the philosophical position that, although there are a few universal truths, different situations call for different response; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors.
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situational ethics
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Discuss the one similarity among all religious systems presented in your class?
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All religious system by definition have a divine power or god that reveals truth.
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Describe and discuss the natural law ethical system. Provide examples.
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Ethics are derived from discerning the nature of the world and ethical principles are what is natural and compatible with nature whether created or evolved.
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Discuss the arguments against and supporting Relativism?
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makes the determination of right and wrong dependent on the culture and therefore not universal. Such rules may conflict between cultures.
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Discuss the arguments against and supporting Absolutism?
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believes that right is a fundamental determined rule and does not vary based on culture or circumstances. It is a very inflexible system and may justify bad outcomes.
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Situational Ethics?
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determines the good based on considerations of circumstances and potential outcomes.
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Relativism?
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applies ethics relative to culture and human judgments about desired conduct.
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___________________________ is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of all concerned.
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Restorative Justice
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The libertarian theory of justice promotes minimal governmental interference in the distribution of goods. True or False?
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True
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Distributing society's goods based on need is associated with the Marxist approach to justice. True or False?
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True
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Substantive justice involves the determination of just deserts. True or False?
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True
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Sanctuary allowed offenders to escape punishment as long as they were members of the clergy. True or False?
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False
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Under the retributive system, the reason we punish is for the greater good of society. True or False?
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False
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Under the utilitarian rationale for punishment, we weigh the punishment to the crime in order to balance the wrong to society. True or False?
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False
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______________________ is concerned with the fairness of contracts and business relations.
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Commutative justice
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______________________ is concerned with punishments and sanctions.
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Corrective justice
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_____________________ justice is concerned with the allocation of the goods and burdens of society.
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Distributive
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_____________________ justice concerns fairness in business dealing.
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Rectificatory
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The constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation of protected liberty, life, or property are called ___________________,
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due process
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__________________ justice concerns the steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment, or other conclusion of law.
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Procedural
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___________________ justice concerns the determination and methods of punishment.
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Retributive
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The component of _________________ justice is concerned with the determination and methods of punishment.
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retributive
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Distributive Justice?
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concerned with the fair and equitable provision of society goods, opportunities and services.
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Corrective Justice?
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about conforming individual conduct with the expectations and safety of society. It strives to bring about compliance with societies laws and norms of conduct.
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Commutative Justice?
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concerned with reducing conflicts and enforcing contracts between people in society.
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Mercy?
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being excused from the punishment for a wrong.
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Justice?
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getting what one deserves for conduct that caused injury or loss to society.
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Define and discuss the concept of civil disobedience. Provide examples.
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Civil disobedience is intentionally and publicly breaking a law that one considers an unjust law. Rosa Parks, a black woman in the south, refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and move to the back and was arrested for violating the law that compelled black citizens to sit in the back of the bus.
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During Kohlberg's __________________level, the person approaches a moral issue motivated purely by personal interests.
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pre-conventional
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During Kohlberg's __________________ level, a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all societies.
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post conventional
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During Kohlberg's __________________ level, people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good.
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conventional
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Some biological theorists believe that morality lies in the "emotion" centers of the brain. True or False?
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True
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A combination of moral training and a positive social environment has been shown to improve both moral reasoning and moral behavior in offender populations. True or False?
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True
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Theorists who view deviance as incomplete socialization have a perspective that is most consistent with learning theory. True or False?
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True
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According to learning theory, moral behavior is learned best through reinforcement and exposure to higher order reasoning. True or False?
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False
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According to Kohlberg, moral development is closely related to intellectual development. True or False?
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True
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According to Gilligan, men are not capable of analyzing an ethical dilemma using the care perspective. True or False?
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False
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Learning theorists believe that punishments and rewards are more effective methods to keep workers ethical than training classes. True or False?
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True
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Burnout refers to when criminal justice professionals lose their ideals. True or False?
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True
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The psychological term referring to the discomfort that is created when behavior and attitude or belief are inconsistent is _________________________.
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cognitive dissonance
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The term _____________________ refers to an individual's feeling of competence.
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self efficacy
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_____________________ theories of behavior propose individuals have normal growth patterns in such areas as morality and emotional maturity.
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Developmental
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Gilligan's description of a "soft" moral orientation emphasizing relationships and needs is referred to as the ________________________.
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care perspective
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According to ___________________ theorists, the most effective way to change the ethics of a profession is to utilize rewards and punishments to change behaviors; that is, supervision and discipline are the vehicles to creating an ethical organization.
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learning
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______________________ are employees who exposes what they believe to be wrongdoing or illegality in their organization.
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Whistleblowers
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What are the three basic approaches used to explain human behavior?
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Biological, learning and developmental explanations.
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Briefly explain how biological approaches might explain antisocial behavior?
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The male hormone testosterone may cause more aggressive and antisocial behavior by males. Women are the biological birth givers and may therefore be biologically programed to be more relational and caring.
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Describe and discuss modeling and reinforcement and how they are related to moral development?
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Learning theory supports the notion that people learn from those in position of leadership or authority and therefore children will learn moral standards from observing parents. Employees from the actions of the supervisors or leaders.
