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Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

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Cladogram

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Derived character

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Apomorphy

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shared derived characteristics

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Synapomorphy

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An evolutionary trait that is homologous within a particular group of organisms but is not unique to members of that group (compare apomorphy) and therefore cannot be used as a diagnostic or defining character for the group

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Plesiomorphy

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A taxa that is most closely related to another taxa. Share a common ancestor

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Sister group/sister taxon

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classification of organisms by their order of branching on an evolutionary tree

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Phylogenetic systematics

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A point on a cladogram where a new organism branches from

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Node

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A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

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Clade

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What comes off a node and leads to new organism

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Branch

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A clade, species, or lineage that appears at the tip of a phylogenetic tree.

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Terminal taxon

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A group containing a common ancestor and all of its descendants

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Monophyletic

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pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors. Does not share a common ancestor.

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Polyphyletic

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contains common ancestor but only some descendants (most similar)

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Paraphyletic

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Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.

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Homology

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occurs when traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry

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Homoplasy

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Long cervical vertebrae, Long hand with digit 2 the longest, large claw on thumb

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Saurischia

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Pelvis with back-turned pubis, predentary bone in lower jaw, blunt teeth

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Ornithischia

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long slender legs, small arms with hands that would not have been able to grasp properly, and slender tail

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Lesothosaurus

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Teeth inset from the margin of the jaws, evidence of muscular cheeks

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Genasauria

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Flight, forelimb longer than hindlimb, asymmetrical pinnate feathers, fewer than 25 caudal vertebrae

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Avialae

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Anterior portion of the ilium is longer than the anterior portion

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Eurypoda

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Osteoderms form interlocking mosaic that covers most of dorsal surface of the body

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Ankylosauria

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Osteoderms enlarged to form two rows of large plates and/or spikes extending down the vertebral column

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Stegosauria

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Blunt teeth, small head relative to body and a long neck, tibia shorter than femur

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Sauropodomorpha

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No phalanges on digit three

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Tyrannosauridae

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Articulation of the cranium and lower jaw is well below the level of the tooth row

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Euornithopoda

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Many rows of teeth showing. Elaborate crests on skulls

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Hadrosauridae

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Expanded shelf at back of skull

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Marginocephalia

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Skull roof is thickened to form a solid dome that is typically surrounded by various bumps and spikes. Occipital plate rotated beneath the skull.

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Pachycephalosauria

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Kinetic flexible jaw, digit five lost from hand and foot, hollow thin-walled bones, fused clavicles

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Theropoda

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Ischium and pubis fused with ilium in adults

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Ceratosauria

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Stiffened tail for most of its length, Long Pinnate feathers, brooding, backwards-pointing pubis

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Maniraptora

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Rostral bone present on upper jaw to form sharp break

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Ceratopsia

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Osteoderm armor that covers the back and/or flanks, tibia shorter than femur

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Thyreophora

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Asymmetrical distribution of tooth enamel

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Cerapoda

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Tooth row positioned entirely in front of orbit, maxillary fenestra present, distal half of tail stiff and lacks haemal arches, digit four is lost from hands of adults, astragalus overlaps tibia

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Tetanurae

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Bony sternum, long slender hands, forelimbs are at least half of the length of the hindlimb

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Coelurosauria

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Beak, no teeth, metacarpals the same size

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Ornithomimosauria

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Long stiff tail, large sickle claw

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Dromaeosauridae

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an English naturalist, geologist and biologist,[6] best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.[I] He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors[7] and, in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.[8]

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Charles Darwin

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a German biologist who is considered the founder of phylogenetic systematics, also known as cladistics.[1] In 1945 as a prisoner of war, he began work on his theory of cladistics, which he published in 1950. With his works on evolution and systematics he revolutionised the view of the natural order of beings.[2] As a taxonomist, he specialised in dipterans (ordinary flies and mosquitoes).

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Willie Hennig

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an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist and ichthyologist. He was a founder of the Neo-Lamarckism school of thought. He discovered, described, and named more than 1,000 vertebrate species, including hundreds of fishes and dozens of dinosaurs. His proposal for the origin of mammalian molars is notable among his theoretical contributions. "Cope's rule", however, the hypothesis that mammalian lineages gradually grow larger over geologic time, while named after him, is "neither explicit nor implicit" in his work.

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Edward Drinker Cope

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uncovered the first pterosaur fossils found in America. He also found early horses, flying reptiles, Cretaceous and Jurassic dinosaurs such as Triceratops, Stegosaurus, Apatosaurus and Allosaurus, and described the toothed birds of the Cretaceous Ichthyornis and Hesperornis

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Othniel Charles Marsh

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Discovered iridium at the KT boundary- proposed a big imact killed the dinosaurs.

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Walter Alverez

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an English biologist specialising in comparative anatomy. He is known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Originally coining the term in 1869, he elaborated on "agnosticism" in 1889 to frame the nature of claims in terms of what is knowable and what is not

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Thomas Huxley

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a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who formalised the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. He is known by the epithet "father of modern taxonomy

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Carolus Linnaeus

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an American paleontologist who revolutionized modern understanding of dinosaurs in the 1960s. He showed that dinosaurs were more like big non-flying birds than they were like lizards (or "saurians"). The first of his broad-based reviews of the osteology and phylogeny of the primitive bird Archaeopteryx appeared in 1976

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John Ostrom

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a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "father of paleontology. His work is considered the foundation of vertebrate paleontology, and he expanded Linnaean taxonomy by grouping classes into phyla and incorporating both fossils and living species into the classification. He is also known for establishing extinction as a fact. Catastrophism.

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Georges Cuvier

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a Scottish geologist, physician, chemical manufacturer, naturalist, and experimental agriculturalist.[1] He originated the theory of uniformitarianism—a fundamental principle of geology—which explains the features of the Earth's crust by means of natural processes over geologic time. Often called the father of modern geology.

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James Hutton

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a Scottish geologist who popularised the revolutionary work of James Hutton. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which presented uniformitarianism-the idea that the Earth was shaped by the same scientific processes still in operation today-to the broad general public. Principles of Geology also challenged theories popularised by Georges Cuvier, which were the most accepted and circulated ideas about geology in Europe at the time. His scientific contributions included an explanation of earthquakes, the theory of gradual "backed up-building" of volcanoes, and in stratigraphy the division of the Tertiary period into the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene. He also coined the currently-used names for geological eras, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic

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Charles Lyell

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Created the name Dinosauria or "fearfully great reptiles." Birds have ancestry among theropod dinosaurs.

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Richard Owen

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