AG Exam 1 – Flashcard
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Millennial Generation
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those born between the 1980s and 1990s who are attending or about to attend college.
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Civic life
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participation in the collective life of the community.
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Us Versus Them
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wedge issues that divide us as people
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Citizens
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are those individuals who are members of a democratic community.
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Citizen responsibilities
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obey the laws, vote, pay taxes, submit to military service
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Government
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the body (or bodies) charged with making official policies for citizens.
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Politics
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the process by which we choose govt' officials and make decisions about public policy
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Democracy
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Form of government in which the people rule either directly or through elected leaders
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Direct Democracy
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public policy decisions are made by the citizens
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Initiative
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start petition to get enough issues on the ballot
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Referendum
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issue is on ballet and you vote yes/no
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Recall
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special election to recall a policy decision
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Representative Democracy
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popular decision making is left up to the elected or appointed officials who make public policy
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Political Power
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the ability to get things done by controlling or influencing the institutions of government
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Ruling Elite Theory
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wealthy and well-educated citizens exercise a disproportionate amount of influence over political decisions
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Amendments
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only 27 exist in the Constitution
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Reasons for colonists arriving
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Escape religious persecution, find plentiful land, seek a new start in life
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Jamestown
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first permanent British colony
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French & Indian War
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Brought more British oversight and tougher trade laws; treaty of Paris ended the war and left Great Britain in control of most of North America
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Unwanted British taxes
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Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Quartering Act
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Sons of Liberty
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Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry
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First Continental Congress
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urged the colonists to boycott British goods; met in Philadelphia with 56 delegates from every colony except Georgia
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Thomas Paine
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Wrote Common Sense
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Thomas Jefferson
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primary author of the Declaration of Independence; stole Locke's ideas
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John Locke
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ideas behind the constitution; people have right to revolt if government breaks contract
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Thomas Hobbs
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heavy government; men must give up certain rights to survive; man is naturally aggressive
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Second Treatises of Government
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wrote by John Locke; life, liberty, and pursuit of property; government should have 3 branches
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Articles of Confederation
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- a loosely drawn, hurried up document....friendship pact; said states were independent, contained 13 articles
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Shay's Rebellion
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Massachusetts State Legislature passes a law that farmers must pay their debts off in cash, as well as higher taxes
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Constitutional Convention
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Meeting was called for the purpose of "revising the Articles of Confederation."; 55 delegates; George Washington was convention's president
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Great Compromise
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(state of Connecticut developed); states' representation equal in Senate and determined by population in House of Representatives; Bicameral (2 houses/chambers)
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New Jersey and Virginia Plan
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small states and large states disagreed over representation in Congress
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Constitutional Convention property1
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42 of the original 55 delegates remained at the closing of the Convention; 39 signed...fears back home
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Federalism
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sharing of power between state and federal gov
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Constitutional Convention property2
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Separation of powers and checks and balances ensure no single branch dominates government
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US Constitution
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four page in length
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Article I
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legislature branch
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Article II
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executive branch
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Article III
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judical branch
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Article IV
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relations among states
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Supremacy Clause
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gives federal law precedence over state law...federal law is supreme above all over
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Federalists
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supporters of the Constitution; opposed writing separate bill of rights; no individual freedoms
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Anti-Federalists
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opposed Constitution; demanded bill of rights; feared federal government would take away state sovereignty
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Federalist Papers
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Series of 85 articles that appeared in New York press as propaganda to support the Constitution and quell the people's anxieties; wrote by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
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Proposing Amendments for Constitution
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2/3 of vote both from House of Congress/National Convention called by Congrass of request of 2/3 states
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Ratification for Constitution
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approval by state legislators of 3/4 states; approval by ratifying conventions in 3/4 states
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1st Amendment
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Speech, religion, press, petition
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2nd Amendment
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bear arms
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3rd Amendment
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may not quarter soldiers
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4th Amendment
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unreasonable search and seizures
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5th Amendment
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due process, self-incrimination, double jeopardy
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6th Amendment
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right to fair trial and attorney
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7th Amendment
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jury trial in civil cases
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8th Amendment
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cruel and unusual punishment
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9th Amendment
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rights not listed are reserved for the people
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10th Amendment
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powers not delegated by the national government are reserved for the states
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Unitary
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power that resides in the Central government
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Confederated
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states and localities retain sovereign power, yielding only limited authority to the central government
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Enumerated powers
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specifically granted to the federal gov; ex. coin money, declare war
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Reserved powers
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specifically granted to the states; ex. education, speed limits
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Concurrent powers
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shared jointly by federal and state government; ex. taxing and voting
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Prohibited powers
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denied to either or both level of government; ex. declare war on another state
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McCulloch vs. Maryland
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supreme court ruled that federal government has authority to create a national bank and that states cannot; federal government can because of supremacy clause
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Dual federalism
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state and federal governments set separate & distinct policy; layered caked
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Dred Scott v. Sandford
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Supreme Court rejected authority of Congress to outlaw slavery in any part of the Union
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Central Federalism
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Great Depression led to dramatic growth in federal power
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President Franklin Roosevelt
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Launched New Deal programs
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Cooperative federalism
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federal-state partnerships share & solve for most public policy problems; marble cake theory
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Creative federalism
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expanded the rights of historically disadvantaged citizens
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Brown v. Board of Education
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Supreme Court ruled separate is unequal
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New federalism
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devolution of power from federal government to the states
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John Marshall
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strengthened the constitutional powers of the federal government as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
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Civil War
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national domination of the states
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The New Deal
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national programs stimulated economy and also led to entitlement programs and government regulation of big businesses
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Civil rights
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federal government acted against states
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Categorical grants
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reserved for special purposes such as flood assistance or water projects
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Block grants
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combine funding purposes of several categorical grants, allowing greater flexibility in how money is spent
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Program grants
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narrow purposes like categorical grants but are limited to specific time periods
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Formula grants
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allocate money according to needs calculated in a predetermined manner
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Unfounded mandates
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requirements that Congress passes without providing funds to carry them out
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Full faith and credit clause
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Constitution directs states to recognize legal rulings and contracts that are valid in another state
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Privileges and Immunities clause
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states may not discriminate against nonresidents when it comes to fundamental rights
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Interstate Rendition Clause
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commit a crime in one state, but are found in another state..you can be returned to the original state for prosecution
