Advanced Biology Transcription and Translation Study Guide – Flashcards
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What is the most important job of DNA / RNA?
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making proteins
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What is the second most important job of DNA / RNA?
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writing genetic code
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What are the building blocks of DNA / RNA?
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nucleotides
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What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
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phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base
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What are the nitrogen bases?
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adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
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What are purines?
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nitrogen bases with 2 rings (adenine / guanine)
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What are pyrimidines?
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nitrogen bases with 1 ring (cytosine / thymine)
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Where does a covalent bond form?
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between 2 nucleotides (sugar / phosphate)
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Where do nitrogen bonds form?
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between nitrogen bases (A - T, C - G)
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA (nucleotides)?
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DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA (shape)?
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DNA is double helix, RNA is single helix
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA (number of types)?
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DNA has 1 type, RNA has 3 (m-, r-, t-)
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA (location)?
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DNA is in the nucleus, RNA is made in the nucleus and then moves throughout the cell
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA (size)?
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DNA is longer than RNA
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA (replication)
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DNA can replicate, RNA can't replicate
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What is the repeating unit of nucleic acids?
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nucleotides
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How many forms of RNA are there and what are they?
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3; mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
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What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
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amino acids
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What do the anticodons of the tRNA pair with?
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the codons of the mRNA
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How many nucleotides code for an amino acid?
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3
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What is a codon?
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3 nucleotides coding for a specific amino acid
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What is an anticodon?
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part of tRNA, attaches to a specific codon
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What is transcription?
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DNA to RNA
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What is translation?
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RNA to proteins
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Where does transcription take place?
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the nucleus
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Where does translation take place?
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the cytoplasm / ribosome
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What are the 3 stages of translation?
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initiation, elongation, termination
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What happens during initiation?
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methionine (start) attaches to ribosome, process begins
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What happens during elongation?
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codons attach to each other, polypeptide elongates
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What happens during termination?
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stop codon attaches to ribosome, polypeptide detaches
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How many different kinds of amino acids are there?
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20
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What does DNA polymerase do?
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connects the nucleotides together until the hydrogen bonds between them form
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What does DNA helicase do?
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unzips / unwinds DNA
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What does DNA ligase do?
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proofreads / fixes DNA
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What are the two parts of a ribosome called?
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small and large subunits
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How are polypeptides formed?
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amino acids forming peptide bonds in translation
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What is a mutation?
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a change in an organism's DNA
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What is a point mutation?
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a mutation in which only one nucleotide of a nitrogen base in a gene is changed
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What is a frameshift mutation?
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a mutation in which an extra nucleotide is added or deleted, shifting the rest of the strand
