question

Which are, in general, the earliest changes that occur during pubertal growth?

answer

breast growth in females; growth of testes in males

question

Which of the following statements regarding body image is TRUE?

answer

African American adolescent girls are more likely to be satisfied with their bodies than are European American girls.

question

Professor Kendall has been researching adolescent maturation around the world. She is likely to find that all of the following contribute to the secular trend:

answer

nutrition, infectious diseases, sanitation.

question

Researchers have found that, with regard to adolescent sleep patterns:

answer

getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents.

question

Boys appear physically mature before they are actually capable of fathering a child.

answer

false

question

__________ is the leading cause of death among adolescents, but death due to _________ has shown the steepest rise over the past 10 years.

answer

auto accidents and other unintentional injuries; prescription drugs

question

Minority adolescents are at greater risk for developing health problems during adolescence than non-minority adolescents in part as a result of:

answer

inadequate access to health care

question

Which statement regarding adolescent cognitive development is true?

answer

-Maturation of the prefrontal cortex allows for complex activities such as planning, decision making, goal setting, and metacognition. -Pruning of the synapses leads to increases in cognitive abilities. -Changes in levels of neurotransmitters reduce sensitivity to reward, leading to an increase in sensation-seeking.

question

Scientists believe that much of the synaptic pruning that takes place in the frontal lobe during mid-adolescence is affected by:

answer

experience

question

According to research on behavioral decision theory, adolescents often decide to engage in behavior that seems risky to adults because adolescents:

answer

place a different value on the possible consequences than do adults.

question

Improved ability to regulate our emotions and coordinate our thoughts and feelings is due to:

answer

increased connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system

question

The part of the brain most important in the evaluation of risk and reward is the:

answer

orbitofrontal cortex

question

The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of:

answer

seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute

question

According to the textbook, the strategy that would be least likely to reduce adolescent risk taking is:

answer

classroom-based education programs designed to teach adolescents about the dangers of various activities

question

Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as:

answer

social redefinition.

question

. Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," characterized by all of these:

answer

-functioning as an independent person -exploring possible identities before making permanent choices -the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities

question

Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered:

answer

a status offense.

question

Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more _____ transition between adolescence and adulthood.

answer

Continuous

question

Compared to the situation 50 years ago, today's transition to adulthood in the U.S. is:

answer

low on clarity and continuity

question

Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation and social disorganization, undermining a neighborhood's sense of:

answer

collective efficacy

question

Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is true?

answer

-Morals and values are shaped over a long period of time and therefore are less likely to be subject to disagreement between parents and their adolescents. -Personal tastes in music and clothing shift quickly and are likely to be influenced by peers rather than parents. -The generation gap between parents and adolescents is more likely to be noticed in such domains as music, clothing, and leisure activity than in matters such as ethics and morality.

question

Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______distant and _______emotionally intense.

answer

more; less

question

Studies support each of the following statements about gender differences in family relationships:

answer

-adolescents tend to be closer to their mothers -fathers are more likely to be perceived as relatively distant authority figures -the sex of the parent is more influential on gender differences in family relationships than the sex of the adolescents

question

Recent research indicates that authoritarian parenting may not be as harmful (and may have some benefits) for which group?

answer

ethnic minorities who live in dangerous neighborhoods.

question

The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is:

answer

the degree of conflict between parents.

question

Based on the research literature, which child would you expect to have the most immediate problems with a parental divorce?

answer

a young male child

question

Following a divorce, life tends to even out for parents and adolescents after approximately:

answer

2-3 years

question

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons:

answer

-divorce is more commonplace. -families move residences every few years. -adolescents experience pressure from the mass media.

question

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.

answer

clique; crowd

question

By the end of high school, crowds:

answer

become less important to adolescents

question

The chief determinant of sociometric popularity in high school is:

answer

social competence.

question

Serena bumped into Josie in the cafeteria and the food on Josie's tray went all over her blouse. She immediately got angry, accused Serena of bumping her on purpose, and dumped Serena's tray, sending the food flying. Josie's reaction illustrates:

answer

reactive aggression and a hostile attribution bias

question

The most negative impact of bullying is on those who:

answer

are victims of it but don't see anyone else being victimized

question

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by a combination of:

answer

aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.

question

In terms of social status and peer acceptance, being labeled a 'nerd' or a 'brain' is not necessarily a bad thing. All of the following are related to higher social acceptance for nerds and brains:

answer

-participation in athletics -being outgoing and sociable -modesty about performing well in school

question

Gossiping serves no positive function for adolescents

answer

false

question

The average age of menarche in the U.S.

answer

12-13

question

The age of peak conformity

answer

13

question

When the full structural maturation of the prefrontal cortex is complete

answer

early adulthood

question

According to Piaget, most adolescents are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

answer

formal operational

question

Changes in the limbic system involve levels of two neurotransmitters: _________________, which regulates the experience of reward, and ________________, which plays a role in the experience of different moods.

answer

dopamine, serotonin

question

Researchers who study peer relations refer to two different kinds of popularity: ________________ popularity which refers to how much status or prestige an adolescent has, and ______________ popularity which refers to how well-liked he or she actually is.

answer

perceived, sociometric

question

Baumrind characterized parenting styles as varying along two dimensions she called ____________ and ________.

answer

demandingness (or control), responsiveness (or warmth)

question

The parenting style that she found to be associated with better child outcomes is called ___________________.

answer

authoritative

question

Anti-delinquency programs that group antisocial youth together often backfire and actually end up increasing participants' problem behavior, an unintended negative effect referred to as an ___________________ effect.

answer

iatrogenic

question

_______________ Rising levels of leptin ___________________ Nutritional deficiencies _______________ Family conflict _______________ Father absence __________________ Peer pressure __________________ Excessive exercise

answer

accelerates, delays, accelerates, accelerates, neither, delays

question

Contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all of the following

answer

-later entry into adult work roles. -later entry into adult family roles. -earlier onset of puberty.

question

Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in 'emerging adulthood', which is characterized by all of the following

answer

-the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities. -functioning as an independent person. -exploring possible identities before making permanent choices.

question

Adolescence was not considered a distinct developmental period until:

answer

the industrial revolution.

question

Dr. Ralph argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:

answer

inventionist perspective.

question

Which of the following is FALSE? A. Juveniles are more likely than adults to confess to a crime rather than remain silent. B. Juveniles are less likely than adults to discuss disagreements with their attorneys. C. Juveniles are less likely than adults to understand their rights when being questioned by the police. D. Nearly all juveniles under 15 years of age are competent to stand trial in a criminal proceeding.

answer

D

question

Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is:

answer

viewed as having potential benefit.

question

The Bar Mitzvah and Bas Mitzvah are contemporary examples of a traditional society's practice of:

answer

the accentuation of male and female differences.

question

Trestan feels older than most of the other kids in his grade. He is more likely to engage in all of the following activities:

answer

-spending more time with opposite-sex peers. -feeling more autonomous. -engaging in problem behavior.

question

Compared to the situation 50 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is:

answer

long and disorderly.

question

_______ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _______ are based on reputation rather than on actual social interaction.

answer

cliques; crowds

question

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:

answer

participant observation.

question

A(An) _______ is an individual who has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _______ is an individual who interacts with two or more peers who are members of cliques but who himself is not part of a clique.

answer

isolate; liaison

question

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:

answer

middle adolescence.

question

Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is NOT true of changes that take place in crowds?

answer

Their structure becomes more hierarchical.

question

Adolescent peer groups have been described as falling along two dimensions

answer

adult orientation; peer orientation

question

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?

answer

Belle, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates

question

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following have been proposed as possible explanations for this phenomenon

answer

-attitudes toward other races. -differential levels of academic achievement. -socioeconomic influences.

question

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are most likely to have:

answer

had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.

question

According to the textbook, all of the following are true about gangs/gang members

answer

-Gang members tend to have more emotional and behavioral problems than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members. -Gang members tend to be more isolated from their families. -Gangs are usually identified by name and common symbols.

question

Some critics of the No Child Left Behind act argued that it was having the unintended consequence of:

answer

providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school.

question

Mrs. McGonagall wants to provide the best educational opportunities for all of the students in her high school. As school principal, she should:

answer

keep remedial classes small, but not worry if other classes have as many as 40 students.

question

According to evidence cited in your book, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is about:

answer

600 to 900 students

question

Which of the following is NOT a benefit that small schools offer?

answer

more varied instruction.

question

According to the research (e.g., Jacquelynne Eccles), changes in school environment that occur when moving from elementary to middle school include all of the following

answer

-middle schools are larger and more impersonal. -middle school teachers are more likely to emphasize control and discipline. -teachers in middle schools are less likely to believe that students' abilities can be modified through instruction.

question

Which of the following statements about tracking is true?

answer

-Tracking procedures often discriminate against minority and poor students. -Tracking can cause hostility between students in different tracks. -Students who are tracked tend to socialize mainly with peers from the same academic group.

question

Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self-concept?

answer

Claudia, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom.

question

By the 1960's, after Brown v. Board of Education, schools were called on to:

answer

implement desegregation programs.

question

Students from low-income neighborhoods perform better when they are placed in more socioeconomically diverse schools.

answer

true

question

According to your book, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?

answer

because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools.

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