question

secondary education

answer

the system of middle schools, junior high schools, and high schools

question

achievement

answer

the development of motivation, aspirations, and expectations that is profoundly affected by the adolescent's experiences in school

question

identity

answer

the adolescent's academic self-conceptions and occupational choices which are shaped by how an adolescent does in school

question

independence

answer

the way in which a school is organized affects this construct

question

schools

answer

environments unlike the family or peer group which are created to serve specific purposes

question

industrialization, urbanization, modernization

answer

the three historical and social trends that gave rise to secondary education in America

question

social reformers

answer

the group that expressed concern over the dangers children faced in the workplace

question

labor unions

answer

these groups sought to protect their own job security in the early 1900s by removing children from the workplace

question

child labor

answer

these laws narrowed and limited the employment of minors

question

social reformers

answer

they envisioned education as a means of improving the life circumstances of the poor and working classes

question

social control

answer

the social reformers saw secondary education as a means of this

question

Americanization

answer

reformers suggested secondary education as essential to this process, especially for foreign-born immigrants

question

comprehensive high school

answer

an educational institution that evolved during the first half of the 20th century, offering a varied curriculum and designed to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents

question

social intervention

answer

schools are important as these tools because it is through schools that the greatest number of young people can most easily be reached

question

No Child Left Behind

answer

the act that mandates that states ensure that all students regardless of their economic circumstances achieve academic proficiency

question

annual testing

answer

NCLB requires that states create and enforce academic standards via this method

question

social promotion

answer

the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance

question

critical thinking

answer

thinking that involves analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information, rather than simply memorizing it

question

poor, ethnic minority

answer

critics of social promotion argue that these two groups of youth were being cheated out of a good education and graduated without the skills needed to enter the labor force

question

standardized testing

answer

parents complain that the NCLB focus on this adversely affects what takes place in the classroom

question

performance-based accountability

answer

holding teachers, schools, school districts, and states accountable for the achievement of their students

question

performance-based accountability

answer

movement toward this has been the most important change in the world of American education in the past 20 years

question

low-achieving

answer

critics of the NCLB have argued that it has the opposite effect intended-it provides an incentive to push these students out of school

question

common standard

answer

President Obama rectified this aspect of the NCLB, correcting the problem of individual states reporting markedly different estimates of "proficiency"

question

race to the top

answer

a competition wherein the NCLB encourages schools to experiment with different approaches to raising student achievement

question

standards-based reform

answer

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests

question

educators

answer

the first reason that standards-based reform is difficult to implement is that this group can't agree on the knowledge and skills that comprise what a high school graduate should know and be able to do

question

standardized graduation exams

answer

the second reason that standards-based reform is difficult to implement is that states discovered that large numbers of their students did not fully acquire the knowledge assessed on these tests

question

exit exams

answer

economic, social, and political costs of holding back a large percentage of students because they could not pass these was too great. this provided an incentive to lower the passing requirements

question

charter schools

answer

public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices

question

school vouchers

answer

government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition

question

inner cities

answer

some commentators argue that low student achievement is concentrated among poor and minority youngsters living in these locations

question

education

answer

this crisis is especially distressingly urgent within inner-city public schools

question

12

answer

this percentage of US schools produce half the country's dropouts. nearly half of the nation's Black and Latino students attend one of these schools

question

achievement gap

answer

this between Black/Hispanic and Asian/White remains very wide

question

poverty

answer

one reason that school reform failed in so many urban schools, this produces students with an array of personal and situational problems that the schools are not equipped to handle

question

administrative bureaucracies

answer

within school districts, these impede reform and hinder educational innovation

question

belonging

answer

a reason that school reform failed in many urban schools is that students report less of this sensation, which leads to disengagement and poor achievement

question

job opportunities

answer

the erosion of this in inner-city communities has left students with little incentive to remain in school or devote effort to academic pursuits

question

curriculum

answer

an advantage of larger schools is that this is more varied with more specialized courses

question

intimate

answer

student performance and interest in school improve when schools have this quality

question

engagement

answer

this is weaker for students in larger schools

question

emotional attachment

answer

while school size may affect academic outcomes, it does not necessarily affect this of a student for the institution

question

victimization

answer

there is no evidence that rates of this are higher in larger schools

question

schools within schools

answer

subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness

question

social environment

answer

in "schools within schools," this becomes more positive

question

educational quality

answer

a negative of "schools within schools," this may vary between the subdivisions

question

participation

answer

while large schools can support more athletics, clubs, and organizations, these rates are actually twice as high in small schools

question

small

answer

because students are more likely to be actively involved in these schools, they are more likely to report doing things that help them develop their skills and abilities, allow them to work closely with others, and make them feel needed and important

question

school size

answer

this especially affects the participation of students whose grades are not good. students with low grades feel more equally involved as their academically proficient peers in a smaller environment

question

educational inequality

answer

this is reported more frequently in larger schools, where students may be sorted into academic tracks

question

600-900

answer

the ideal class size for a school

question

classroom

answer

while class size may be important, variations between 20-40 in this size do not affect students' scholastic achievement during adolescence

question

remedial

answer

these classes require that teachers give more individual attention to students, and thus the class benefits from remaining small

question

15

answer

this percentage of US schools are overcrowded

question

overcrowded

answer

the description for a school that has a student body size at least 6% larger than the school was designed to house

question

severely overcrowded

answer

the state of 8% of US schools wherein the student body is 25% above capacity

question

ethnic minority

answer

schools with over 50% of this student body are especially likely to be overcrowded

question

achievement

answer

this is lower in overcrowded schools because of stress, the use of inadequate facilities, and inadequate resources

question

trailers

answer

temporary structures such as these can be harmful to students' physical health (tight, toxic quarters)

question

junior high school

answer

an educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents

question

middle school

answer

an educational institution housing 7th and 8th grade students along with adolescents who are 1 or 2 years younger

question

two school

answer

a system that many educators felt was unable to meet the needs of young adolescents whose maturity was greater than elementary level but not yet at the level necessary for high school

question

behavioral

answer

many studies show that students in two school systems actually demonstrate higher achievement and fewer of these problems

question

academic motivation, grades

answer

these two aspects of students drop as they move from elementary into middle or junior high school

question

school transitions

answer

these can disrupt academic performance, behavior, and self-image of adolescents, although the effect is strongest for White students

question

elementary, middle

answer

researchers disagree that the drop in academic motivation and achievement is due to the school transition itself, or to the nature of the difference between these two schools

question

middle, junior high

answer

some researchers believe that poor student performance in these schools is due largely to their inability to meet the developmental needs of early adolescents

question

disengagement

answer

a mismatch between the increased desire for independence and stricter rules and regulations leads to this for many young adolescents during middle and junior high school

question

poor family relationships

answer

remaining connected to school protects against these adverse effects. disengagement can lead to the development of behavior problems

question

discipline

answer

teachers in junior high schools are less likely to trust their students and more likely to emphasize this, which creates a mismatch between what students desire at this age (independence) and what their teachers provide (control)

question

nature

answer

the drop in achievement corresponds to this of the transition and not to the transition itself

question

self-esteem

answer

because this rises somewhat during early high school, changing schools in and of itself cannot be a problem

question

negative

answer

the organization and anonymity of junior high schools may have this effect on the teachers, which would affect the way they interact with students

question

stereotypes

answer

these cultural phenomena may have a negative influence on junior high school teachers' beliefs about teenagers as inherently unruly, unteachable, or perplexing

question

stress

answer

not all students experience this to the same degree, where students with more academic and psychosocial problems before making a school transition cope less successfully

question

cascading

answer

these effects describe the manner in which academic and behavioral problems in elementary school lead to an increase in problems during the transition into middle school

question

close friends

answer

these people may enable adolescents to transition more successfully to the new school environment

question

poor

answer

students with this level of academic performance before a transition may do better if they move away from their friends (perhaps because their peers were contributing to the performance pre-transition)

question

boys, ethnic minority, poor

answer

these three categories of students are most likely to become disengaged from school during early adolescence

question

ethnic

answer

if Black or Latino students transition to a school where the proportion of students from this background is lower than at their previous school, they show higher disengagement, lower grades, and more absences

question

parental support

answer

this is associated with better adolescent adjustment during school transitions

question

tracking

answer

the practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level

question

meritocratic

answer

these schools place students in tracks that accurately match their abilities

question

high school

answer

tracking may be especially useful in this context where students have to master basic skills before they can specialize

question

remedial

answer

critics of tracking argue that students placed in this track receive a poorer quality education

question

polarization

answer

tracking can lead to this effect within the student body, wherein subcultures are created that are hostile to one another

question

discriminate

answer

track placements do this, in that they hinder rather than enhance poor and ethnic minority students' academic progress

question

Black

answer

these students are especially likely to be enrolled in lower track math classes

question

middle class, white

answer

these two groups of students, if placed in a lower track, are more likely to be moved into higher tracks in part because of parents' intercession

question

lobby

answer

parents do this when they petition a school for a changed track placement

question

parents

answer

involving this group in decisions regarding classes may result in adolescents taking harder courses

question

advanced

answer

students in these tracks receive more challenging instruction and better teaching and they are more likely to engage in critical thinking

question

positive

answer

being placed in an advanced track has this impact on achievement, subsequent course selection, and ultimate educational attainment

question

achievement

answer

how much the student actually learns over time

question

course selection

answer

what curriculum the student is exposed to

question

educational attainment

answer

how many years of schooling the student completes

question

tracking

answer

the net effect of this is to increase preexisting differences among students, where the students who need the most help are assigned to tracks in which the quality of education is the poorest

question

positive, negative

answer

tracking has these effects on high-track students, and these effects on low-track students

question

high ability

answer

for these students, within classroom ability grouping raises their expectations for achievement and raises their teachers' evaluations of them

question

low ability

answer

for these students, within classroom ability grouping lowers their expectations for achievement and they get worse grades from their teachers

question

within classroom

answer

this form of ability grouping leads to unstated comparisons and also exposes students to different levels of educational quality

question

gifted students

answer

students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance

question

learning disability

answer

a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction

question

dyslexia

answer

impaired ability in reading or spelling

question

dysgraphia

answer

impaired ability in handwriting

question

dyscalculia

answer

impaired ability in arithmetic

question

mainstreaming

answer

the integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms

question

big fish little pond effect

answer

the reason that individuals who attend high school with high-achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower achieving peers

question

neurological

answer

most learning disabilities appear to be this in origin

question

boys

answer

rates of learning disabilities are more common among this gender

question

special education

answer

if these are separate from the group, the specific needs of students can be targeted; however, it might foster social isolation and stigmatization

question

psychological

answer

educators tend to favor mainstreaming because they view these costs as outweighing potential academic benefit

question

low achieving

answer

mainstreaming may adversely affect these individuals, who end up comparing themselves to their peers

question

learning disabilities

answer

even with mainstreaming, adolescents with these may suffer psychological costs; this is why they should receive extra instruction in study skills, time management, organization, note-taking, and proofreading

question

ADHD

answer

a biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity, inattentiveness, and restlessness, often in school stiuations

question

predominantly inattentive

answer

the form of ADHD that comprises 30-40% of all cases

question

predominantly hyperactive/impulsive

answer

the form of ADHD that comprises fewer than 5% of cases

question

combined

answer

the form of ADHD that comprises 50-60% of all cases

question

prenatal

answer

if a child develops ADHD, it could be due to actions in this time frame (for example, maternal smoking or drinking)

question

birth

answer

if there were birth complications or a low birth rate, ADHD can be traced to formation during this time

question

self regulation

answer

individuals with ADHD have deficiencies in the development of the brain region associated with this (located in the prefrontal cortex)

question

stimulants, antidepressants

answer

these two general forms of medication have been used to treat ADHD in addition to some psychological therapies

question

magnet

answer

schools that create diversity by drawing students from different neighborhoods (for instance, having city-wide performing arts schools)

question

desegregation

answer

this following Brown v. Topeka has little impact on the achievement levels of any students

question

neighborhood, school

answer

students fare better psychologically if these two environments are consonant

question

ethnic composition

answer

this affects students emotional attachment to their school but not their degree of participation in classroom activities

question

multiethnic

answer

within these schools, students feel safer, less lonely, and less harassed when the school is relatively more diverse than less balanced

question

test scores

answer

when these were made available to parents, parents choose to send their children to higher-performing schools, which in turn increases students' achievement.

question

Catholic

answer

students' test scores tend to be higher in private schools, especially these schools, but this appears to be due to the characteristics of the students attending rather than the private schools themselves

question

Catholic

answer

there are genuine advantages for these schools especially among poor, inner-city youth. in these environments students may be encouraged or required to take harder classes

question

family

answer

this background is a more powerful influence on achievement in school than the quality of school an adolescent attends

question

racial segregation

answer

in urban areas, the availability of private schools contributes to this because many White students who would have otherwise attended their public school attend the private school instead

question

social capital

answer

the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family

question

community

answer

the Catholic school climate is distinct from the public in that the parents, teachers, and students all share similar values and attitudes. when this is strong, it generates social capital

question

social capital

answer

students profit from this associated with attending a Catholic high school because the lessons taught in school are reinforced at home, at church, and in the neighborhood and because the link between school and home is stronger

question

private

answer

these schools typically assign more homework and are more orderly and disciplined, which is important for the climate of a good school. in addition, students feel safer

Adolescent 6.A – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards