question

According to your text, the use of the following substance has remained fairly stable in society

answer

Alcohol and tobacco

question

Approximately what percentage of perpetrators of violent crimes in the U.S. were using alcohol at the time of the offense

answer

50%

question

Some of the indirect costs of the "war on drugs" include

answer

Feeding and housing those convicted of drug crimes, transporting suspect from jails, lost productivity by those who abuse drugs

question

Adults with SUD's are more likely to physically abuse and/or neglect their children than their non-abusing peers

answer

True

question

the top __ percent of the U.S. population consume __ of the all the alcohol in that country

answer

30% and 90%

question

The typical training program for registered nurses..

answer

offers 1-5 hours of class work instruction on the addictions, at most

question

Women are more likely to develop an alcohol abuse disorder than men

answer

False

question

What percent of the entire world population has ABUSED an illicit substance at least once?

answer

5%

question

Drug use disorders are the __ leading cause of death in adults around the world

answer

6th

question

Which of the following drugs are stimulants

answer

Caffeine, crack, nicotine, meth, diet pills

question

Which of following drugs are CNS depressants

answer

Alcohol, heroin, sleeping pills, valium, codeine

question

What percentage of psychiatric hospital admissions are NOT associated with drug or alcohol abuse?

answer

50-75%

question

Which of following substances are in the hallucinogen category of drugs

answer

PCP, ecstasy, LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, peyote

question

Substance abuse disorder (SUD)

answer

Is the most prevalent mental health problem faced in the U.S.

question

For most individuals, experimentation with the use of illicit drugs

answer

Is relatively short, lasts for less than a year

question

As discussed in class, approximately what percent of those people who drink become addicted or alcohol dependent

answer

about 10%

question

According to your text, the "social use" of a recreational chemical..

answer

Involves rare experimental use of a compound without a person's life becoming impaired

question

Drugs that have the highest "pharmacological reward potential" for abuse tend to have a..

answer

Rapid onset of action to the drug

question

The drugs that have the lowest "pharmacological reward potential" tend to have a..

answer

A slow onset of action, negative impact

question

__ will have an impact on a persons physical experience of a drug

answer

Expectations

question

As discussed in class, the "continuum of recreational chemical use" help us do what?

answer

More effectively diagnose and treat addictions

question

Tolerance is defined as..

answer

Needing to use more of a drug to achieve the desired effect

question

Current research has been able to identify the causes and treatment of substance abuse disorders

answer

False

question

As discussed in class, all opiate based pain medication are in what general category?

answer

CNS depressants

question

Both the DSM-V and the WHO offer a comprehensive system for diagnosing addictions, how many common elements do they share?

answer

9

question

The "pharmacological reward potential" of the drug used is thought to reflect

answer

Only a small part of its potential for being abused

question

The basic laws of behavioural psychology hold that the main motivating force for humans is the

answer

Increase in comfort or decrease in discomfort

question

Sociocultural influences on an individual's substance use behaviours

answer

Help to shape the individuals decision to engage in substance use

question

Regarding "substance abuse" and/or use, research cited in your text suggests

answer

There is often little agreement about how to define use, abuse, and addiction

question

The person who has a SUD will always have that disorder, according to your text

answer

This issue has not been resolved yet

question

Which of the following is part of the diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of a SUD, according to your text?

answer

It includes increasing use over time to get the same effect, there will be withdrawal effect when use is stopped, activities are centred around using

question

The withdrawal syndrome seen when a compound __ characteristic of physical dependence or tolerance tot hat compound

answer

Is discontinued it is a

question

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

answer

Increased CNS insensitivity, because the neurons adapt to to compensate for the presence of the compound, through shortening the duration of drug effects after repeated administration

question

Metabolic tolerance

answer

The body, largely the liver becomes more pro-efficient at bio-transforming or eliminating the substance.

question

Surprisingly, studies indicate that

answer

The factors that initiate drug use are different than those that maintain it later in life. one's cultural heritage can significantly influence how and when to use alcohol or drugs.

question

Non-drug-centered behaviours such as sex, gambling, gaming, shopping, eating, etc., are often referred to as

answer

Behavioural addictions

question

Some people use a substance for a long time, others much shorter. The abuse of a substance over a specific period of time is known as

answer

Period prevalence

question

Your friend Tammy says that drinking alcohol makes her "feel better". Many of her close friends see a general deterioration in her ability to take care of various aspects of her life, including grades at college, but she seems oblivious to this fact. Her decision to begin and to continue to use alcohol is possibly influenced by

answer

Blindness to the chemical's effects

question

The nature of the addiction process is dependent upon the addictive properties of the drug; it doesn't really matter how you use it

answer

False

question

The __ effect of a drug is the desired effect

answer

Primary

question

The __ effect of a drug is an unwanted side effect

answer

Secondary

question

An advantage of administering a drug, parenterally (NOT taken into the digestive system) is

answer

The drug is not delayed by the stomach emptying process, it avoids the danger of the drug being mixed with food in the GI tract, and the drug is not exposed to gastric juices

question

The term "skin popping" used by some drug addicts refers to the __ route of drug adminstration

answer

Subcutaneous

question

A drug that has a narrow "therapeutic window" would

answer

be relatively easy to overdose

question

What are the three key factors that determine the "abuse potential" of any drug?

answer

The dependence liability, the availability of the drug, its inherent harmfulness

question

Virtually all drugs of abuse known at this time..

answer

Either once were or now are being investigated as potential pharmaceutical agents

question

For virtually all drugs of abuse, the site of action usually is

answer

In the digestive tract

question

The following are involved in the process of removing compounds from the body

answer

Bio-transformation, absorption of the substance into the bloodstream, distribution of the substance in the body

question

The bio-transformation process for drugs and alcohol in the IT is also referred to as

answer

Metabolism

question

Which of the following are enteral forms of drugs administration

answer

Orally, sublingual, rectally

question

Which of the following are parenteral forms of drugs administration

answer

Cutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, transdermal, intranasal, inhalation

question

Elimination half-life

answer

The time needed for an individuals bode to reduce (eliminate) the amount of the dose of the drug by 50%

question

Therapeutic half-life

answer

The time need for an individual's body to inactive 50% of a compound consumed

question

Which body organ bears the brunt of the work in bio-transformation and elimination of alcohol from the body

answer

The liver

question

Which of the following substances are CNS depressants

answer

T3's, oxy, morphine, opium, herion

question

Greta feels anxious and frustrated, and is beginning to see that if she has a number of alcoholic drinks, she feels better. Greta is most likely in which stage of alcohol addiction?

answer

Pre-alcoholic stage

question

Which of the following are advantages created by Jellinek's disease model (or medical model) over the moral model of AUDs?

answer

Jellinek's model removed judging the person with an AUD as "weak" or lacking willpower. Jellinek's model made AUDs worthy of scientific study. Jellinek's model provided physicians a framework to classify patterns of alcohol abuse.

question

According to research, there is no evidence that a variance in one particular gene can turn someone into an addict.

answer

True

question

As discussed in class and in the text, what are Jellinek's four stages of alcoholism in the correct order?

answer

Pre-alcoholic, prodromal, crucial, chronic

question

Which of the following theories/hypotheses suggests that the brain's neural pathways are constantly rewiring themselves in response to environmental changes?

answer

neuroplasticity

question

Norm has always been a risk taker, has gotten into some trouble with the law, and developed an AUD in his early 20s. Based on this information, Norm is most likely a __ alcoholic.

answer

Type II

question

Type I alcoholism has been found to have higher heritability than Type II alcoholism.

answer

True

question

As discussed in class, what are some of benefits of calling alcoholism a disease?

answer

It can decrease shame and guilt, it allows for the person to get properly diagnosed and treated with respect, it can encourage funding for scientific research in the field of addictions if it is seen as a disease

question

The text clearly indicates that there is no such thing as an "addictive personality" in spite of the fact that people believe that there really is one. What factors or personality traits may contribute to this notion?

answer

traits such as thrill seeking, rebelliousness, impulsiveness, aggression, and nonconformity are known predictors of alcoholism.

question

Brain scans have provided researchers with a reliable way to prove that SUDs are brain diseases.

answer

False

question

Blackouts are most likely to begin in which of the Jellinek's four stages of addiction?

answer

The prodromal stage

question

According to your text, a cornerstone of the medical model is that disease states are a reflection of:

answer

Biological dysfunction at the cellular or molecular level. The belief that alcoholism is always progressive; once you start, the eventual outcome is quite clear.

question

Which of the following is most true about E.M. Jellinek?

answer

He argued that alcoholism is a disease in a manner similar to hypertension, heart disease or infectious diseases. It also progresses through stages.

question

A cornerstone of the Jellinek model of alcoholism is that the individual

answer

has a physical disease over which he or she has no control.

question

As noted in class, there have been strong reactions and criticisms of the work done be Jellinek and the disease model. What are some of the problems with it?

answer

Alcoholism does not always progress through all the stages. There were no women in the original studies. The participants were only taken from AA and did not represent a cross-section of all alcoholics.

question

Characteristics of Type II alcohol dependency include

answer

Involvement in high risk-taking behaviours.

question

The Dopamine D2 hypothesis suggests that this receptor subtype

answer

Is found mainly in regions of the brain involved in the positive reward cascade process.

question

An embarrassing outcome of the Jellinek model is that __ per your text.

answer

In spite of expectations it fails to predict individual drinking patterns or disease progression.

question

Moral model of addictions

answer

According to your text, prior to the general acceptance of the disease model of addictions in the 1950's, addictions were viewed as a weakness of character

question

Physicians often claim that because of "neuroplasticity" the addictions are brain diseases. In reality

answer

we do not know enough about neuroplasticity to claim that it is a factor in the SUDs, yet

question

The earliest written record of wine-making is found in __ and dates back to 3,000 B.C.E.

answer

Egypt

question

Evidence suggests that beer made from ingredients other than fermented honey might date back to __

answer

9000 B.c.e

question

Prohibition in the United States could be described as a __ social experiment.

answer

Failed

question

John will have an occasional glass of wine with dinner, does not require daily use of alcohol to function, has never had any negative consequences due to his drinking, and has never been impaired. Jamal would most likely be considered ___

answer

A rare or social drinker

question

The most popular alcohol-containing beverage in the United States is __

answer

Beer

question

It is thought that __ percent of those who consume alcohol will develop a dependence to alcohol sometime in their lives.

answer

8-10%

question

In general, peak blood alcohol levels after the ingestion of single alcoholic drink are achieved in __ minutes.

answer

30-60

question

Which of the following drugs are dangerous to mix with alcohol?

answer

CNS depressants, tranquillizers, opiates

question

According to your text, many historians believe that

answer

Alcohol may have been on factor in the rise of civilization, commerce, and settling in one place

question

According to sources cited in your text, there is evidence that the consumption of the form of beer known as mead (fermented honey) can be traced back

answer

To the "stone ages"

question

According to your text, the highest concentration of alcohol that can be achieved from fermentation is about:

answer

15%

question

Historical evidence suggests that the process of distillation didn't emerge until about

answer

800 B.c.e

question

One major consequence of distillation is that

answer

Many of the vitamins and minerals originally found in the mash prior to distillation are lost

question

According to your text, all of the following are methods by which alcohol has been introduced into the body

answer

Orally, as a vapour, intravenously

question

The end products of the alcohol bio-transformation process are all of the following

answer

Glucose, carbon dioxide, carbohydrates

question

Which of the following is a good summary of the Mellanby effect, according to your text?

answer

it can be a subjective response; a person feels more intoxicated as the blood alcohol level is rising.

question

Alcohol is both lipid and water soluble, but clearly shows a preference for the latter. In the body, the majority of alcohol consumed is absorbed in the

answer

Small intestine

question

People can begin to think irrationally without being "over the limit". The dis-inhibition effect induced by relatively low levels of alcohol is caused by its effects on the activity of the __ region of the drinker's brain.

answer

Prefrontal cortex

question

As noted in class and also discussed in your text, women have a tendency to become more intoxicated given the same amount of alcohol as men. They have less of which enzyme that helps with the bio-transformation of alcohol in the stomach?

answer

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

question

As a physician on duty in the emergency room, you could expect

answer

That about half of the patients that you see who have a traumatic injury will have been drinking immediately prior to the incident.

question

People who are alcohol-dependent are thought to lose about __ of potential life as a result of their drinking.

answer

15 years

question

All chronic drinkers will need to continue increasing the amount of alcohol consumed in order to reach a given level of intoxication throughout their lifetime

answer

False

question

Helga has developed avitaminosis, from years of heavy drinking. This means __

answer

She is vitamin deficient, often lacking in B vitamins

question

"Holiday Heart Syndrome" is most likely caused by

answer

Binge drinking

question

Chronic alcoholics may have seizures during withdrawals. ___ are thought to be the most effective treatment for patients suffering from alcohol withdrawal seizures.

answer

Benzodiazapines (ativan, valium)

question

The typical "skid row" person with an alcohol use disorder represents __ of the total number of persons with such a disorder.

answer

5%

question

Of those individuals who develop alcohol induced hepatitis, what percent actually go on to develop cirrhosis of the liver?

answer

10-35%

question

According to your text, the average heavy drinker can expect to lose __ years of potential life to drinking-related diseases or health problems?

answer

up to 25

question

Which of the following is true for heavy, chronic, alcohol use?

answer

It increases the drinker's risk of death from pneumonia by 300-700%, It can contribute to glossitis. It can contribute to develop of "non-insulin dependent" diabetes.

question

Which of the following is NOT true of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome?

answer

Brain damage during this stage is partly dependent on the duration and intensity of the individual's alcohol use

question

Your text defines binge drinking as

answer

Consuming 5 or more beer or mixed drinks in one setting

question

According to your text, which of the following are the roles the assessment process plays

answer

Forms the foundation of the rehabilitation process. Helps identify those individuals who require professional assistance with their SUDs. Helps identify the proper level of treatment for an individual with a SUD.

question

The core of the assessment process is

answer

A face-to-face clinical interview

question

Two important rules for assessing and diagnosing an individual is

answer

To always assume deception unless proven otherwise. Gather as much collateral information as possible about the client

question

The term "addiction"

answer

Is still not clearly defined

question

The CAGE (a 4 question screening instrument) tends to miss the following subgroup of people, per your text

answer

Men who are NOT binge drinkers

question

In contrast to the screening phase, during the assessment phase the individual conducting the assessment is attempting to ___, per your text

answer

Identify the severity of the client's SUD

question

please put these processes in the right order as we discussed in class.

answer

Screening, assessment, diagnosis, treatment

question

Which of the following is a component of outpatient treatment?

answer

Individual & group therapy, hospitalization, vocational training

question

For treatment to be effective, even at an outpatient level, __ is always a prerequisite.

answer

Abstinence from or reduction in the level of illicit drugs and/or alcohol use

question

here seems to be a "cutting score" in the length of treatment. Those who remain in residential inpatient treatment for longer than __ days are more likely to benefit than those who are there for a shorter period of time.

answer

14

question

Addictions treatment is not a "one size fits all" process. The underlying guiding philosophy for treatment is the:

answer

Appropriate level of care necessary

question

For many persons, outpatient therapy is often a(n) __ , per your textbook.

answer

Transitional step between residential treatment and self-directed recovery

question

Our guest speakers in the addictions class came from what type of treatment center

answer

An inpatient half-way house

question

In the early stages of treatment a formal __ is developed

answer

Treatment plan

question

Early therapeutic communities were quite intense at times. Some programs

answer

Usually utilized an "ego stripping" technique

question

Surprisingly, the text notes that in the United States

answer

although outpatient rehabilitation programs are inherently less expensive, the insurance company reimbursement policies might make it more expensive to the individual than residential treatment

question

Clients in a Therapeutic Community are viewed as passing through three phases of change

answer

Compliance, conformity, and making a personal commitment to change

question

The purpose of the "aftercare" program following treatment is the

answer

Maintenance of gains made in treatment

question

In spite of the criticisms of the program, at the end of one year __ percent of those who had dropped out of a therapeutic community within the first year were still drug-free

answer

25%

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