AbPsych Chap 5-9 - Flashcards

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Most common mental disorder 18% diagnosed in any given year 29% diagnosed lifetime

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Anxiety disorders

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Negative mood state with symptoms like physical tension and general apprehension Future oriented Normal unless it is out of proportion to the "threat" and impairs functioning

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Anxiety

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Immediate reaction Fight or flight Excess or generalized can lead to panic disorder

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Fear

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Panic

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False alarm resulting in overwhelming reaction of intense fear

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Cued Panic

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Situationally bound

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Uncued Panic

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Unexpected

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Only 20% of people diagnosed with ____ seek treatment

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Anxiety Disorders

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Women diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder outnumber men _____:____

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3:1

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The leading biological treatment for generalized anxiety disorder is ___

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drug therapy

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Research indicates that biofeedback has _____ effect on a person's anxiety level

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a modest

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More than _____ percent of individuals develop a specific phobia in their lifetimes

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14

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Systematic desensitization was a technique developed by

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Wolpe

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Sally is participating in a therapy session where she is role-playing and rehearsing desirable behaviors she can perform when dealing with others. Sally is engaging in _____ skills training

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Social

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Surveys indicate that around _____ percent of people in the United States develop social anxiety disorder in their lifetimes

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13

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Panic disorders, with or without agoraphobia, develop in

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late adolescence or early adulthood

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The ratio of men to women who have OCD is

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2:1

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This is an ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously cancel out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act

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Undoing

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Which model does NOT particularly care about obsessions and believes that compulsions develop through random association

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Behavioral

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He proposed that many people are guided by irrational beliefs that lead them to act and react in inappropriate ways

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Ellis

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Metacognitive theory, developed by _____, suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying.

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Wells

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Research indicates that relaxation training is _____ no treatment or placebo treatment in cases of generalized anxiety disorder

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More effective than

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Each year, close to _____ percent of all people in the United States have the symptoms of a specific phobia

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12

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Women with specific phobias outnumber men

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2:1

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_____ is a behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread

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Systematic Desensitization

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Surveys indicate that _____ percent of people in the United States experience social anxiety disorder in a given year

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7.4

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Jill has been experiencing recurring periods of shortness of breath, sweating, trembling, faintness, and a feeling of unreality for over a month. She may be suffering from

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Panic disorder

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More than _____ percent of all people have had one or more panic attacks during their lives

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25

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It is estimated that more than _____ percent of people with OCD seek treatment

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40

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More and more individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder are now being treated by a combination of behavioral, cognitive, and _____ therapy

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Drug

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According to Freud, children experience _____ anxiety when they face actual danger

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Realistic

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This theory suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder cannot tolerate the knowledge that a negative event may occur, no matter how slim the possibility

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intolerance of uncertainty theory

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Phobia comes from the Greek word for

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Fear

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John is being forced to face his fear of snakes without any relaxation training or gradual buildup in an exposure treatment known as

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Flooding

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What percent of agoraphobic patients who receive exposure treatment find it easier to enter public places

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60-80

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Panic disorder may be accompanied by

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Agorophobia

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Abnormal GABA activity does not explain the development of this disorder

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OCD

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The personality that appears the MOST is called the _____ personality

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Host

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Around _____ percent of women who are exposed to a serious trauma may develop a stress disorder, compared with _____ percent of men

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20 and 8

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Rape victims have been shown to have poorer physical well-being for at least _____ after the crime

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5 years

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Which type of drug is used to help patients with dissociative amnesia regain their memories?

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barbituates

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This is one route by which the brain and body produce arousal and fear

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The HPA pathway

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Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative disorders are caused by

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Repression

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It has been estimated that between _____ percent of the world's 15 million refugees have suffered at least one episode of torture

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5 and 35

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The hypothalamus activates these two important systems when our brain interprets a situation as dangerous

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the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system

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These are a group of hormones that are released by the adrenal glands at times of stress

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corticosteroids

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Studies have shown that as many as _____ percent of victims of serious traffic accidents may develop PTSD within a year of the accident

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40

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They believe that dissociation is a response learned through operant conditioning

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Behaviorists

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You are home alone one evening when you hear some noises coming from the kitchen. Your heart rate increases and your mouth becomes dry. This is BEST explained by the activation of your _____ system

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Sympathetic Nervous

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Researchers have found abnormal activity in the hormone _____ and the neurotransmitter _____ in the urine, blood, and saliva of survivors of severe stresses.

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cortisol; norepinephrine

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These are the nerve fibers that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experienced as arousal and fear

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Sympathetic Nervous system

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Overall, about half of all cases of PTSD improve within _____ months

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6

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In these disorders, parts of one's memory or identity seem to be separated from other parts of one's memory or identify.

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Dissociative Disorders

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The leading treatments for dissociative amnesia do NOT include _____ therapy

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Cognitive

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The features of arousal and fear are set in motion by the brain area called the

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Hypothalamus

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These are the nerve fibers that slow organ functioning after stimulation and return other bodily processes to normal

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Parasympathetic Nervous system

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If a mental illness is unintentionally produced in a patient by a practitioner, it is called

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iatrogenic

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This disorder is marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information

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dissociative amnesia

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This is a form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents

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psychological debriefing

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The two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder are referred to as

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Subpersonalities

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When we are faced with stressors, the hypothalamus also signals the _____ gland.

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Pituitary

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In the psychodynamic view, dissociative amnesia is a(n) _____ episode of massive repression

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Single

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Which group is MOST often the victim of rape?

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American Indian

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Sarah was the victim of an assault two weeks ago. She has been experiencing nightmares, flashbacks, cannot go out by herself, and has not been sleeping well. Her MOST likely diagnosis is _____ stress disorder

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Acute

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_____ amnesia involves the individual remembering some, but not all, events that occurred during a period of time

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Selective

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_____ amnesia involves the individual experiencing the loss of memory extending back to times long before the upsetting period

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Generalized

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_____ medications help control the tension that many veterans experience

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Antianxiety

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Therapists do NOT help clients with dissociative identity disorder try to

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reduce the intensity of their subpersonalities by having them repress their memories

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It appears that between _____ percent of torture victims develop PTSD

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30 and 50

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_____ may be localized, selective, generalized, or continuous

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Dissociative amnesia

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An extreme version of dissociative amnesia is called ___. Here persons not only forget their personal identities and details of their past lives but also flee to an entirely different location.

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Dissociative fugue

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Some theorists believe that dissociative identity disorder begins between the ages of _____, a time when children are very suggestible and excellent hypnotic subjects

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4 and 6

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This is a group that meets to talk about and explore members' problems in an atmosphere of mutual support

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Rap group

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The onset of bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of _____ years.

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15 and 44

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When an identical twin had unipolar depression, there was a _____ percent chance that the other twin would have the same disorder, according to one study

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46

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Across the United States, people who are separated or divorced display _____ times the depression rate of married or widowed persons

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three

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Persistent depressive disorder is a chronic unipolar depression that lasts for at least

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2 years

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Sharon experiences mild manic episodes that alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time. She would be diagnosed with _____ disorder

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bipolar II

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Postpartum depression typically begins within _____ weeks after the birth of a child

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four

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Fraternal twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a _____ percent likelihood of developing the same disorder

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5 to 10

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Low activity of these two neurotransmitters has been strongly linked to unipolar depression

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Serotonin and norepinephrine

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According to DSM-5, a major depressive episode is a period marked by at least _____ symptoms of depression and lasts for _____ weeks or more

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three and two

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The symptoms of this milder form of bipolar disorder continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks

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Cyclothymic

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John experiences full manic and depressive episodes and would be diagnosed with _____ disorder

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Bipolar I

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This theory suggests that women in our society experience more stress than men

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Life-stress

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He believes that feelings of helplessness are at the center of depression

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Seligman

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All women experience a kind of hormone "withdrawal" after delivery, as estrogen and progesterone levels, which rise as much as _____ times above normal during pregnancy, now drop sharply to levels far below normal.

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50

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This theory suggests that women in Western society are taught to seek a low body weight and slender body shape

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Body dissatisifaction

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The "baby blues" are so common that as many as _____ percent of women experience them

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80

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Research suggests that mania may be linked to low _____ activity

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serotonin

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The ratio of women to men with bipolar disorder is

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1:1

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Maria describes herself as "miserable," has lost her sense of humor, and is displaying _____, or the inability to experience any pleasure at all.

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Anhedonia

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Surveys from around the world indicate that between _____ percent of all adults suffer from a bipolar disorder at any given time

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1 to 2.6

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A reactive depression is referred to as

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exogenous

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He believes that negative thinking lies at the heart of depression

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Beck

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People who experience a recurrence of depression each winter may secrete more _____ during the winter's long nights than other individuals do

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Melatonin

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Identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a _____ percent likelihood of developing the same disorder

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40

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This theory holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men

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Artifact

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This is a state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking

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Mania

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People are considered to be in a full manic episode when they display an abnormally high or irritable mood, as well as other symptoms, for at least

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one week

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Around _____ percent of adults in the United States suffer from a severe unipolar pattern of depression in any given year, while as many as 5 percent suffer from mild forms.

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9

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Women who experience postpartum depression have a _____ percent chance of developing it again with a subsequent birth

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25 to 50

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As many as _____ percent of women may have an episode of severe unipolar depression at some time in their lives, compared with _____ percent of men

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26 and 12

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This area, located just under the part of the brain called the cingulate cortex, tends to be smaller in depressed people than nondepressed people.

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Brodmann Area 25

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About _____ percent of patients who take tricyclics are helped by them

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65

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The risk of relapse is _____ times greater if patients stop taking a mood stabilizer

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28

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Depressed adults who receive cognitive-behavioral therapy improve much more than those who receive placebos or no treatment at all, with _____ percent showing a near-total elimination of their symptoms

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60

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This was a watershed medication for bipolar disorder when it was approved by the FDA in 1970

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Lithium

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In a practice called _____ therapy, clinicians typically keep patients on tricyclics for five months or more after being free of depressive symptoms

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Continuation

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Desipramine and imipramine are

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tricyclics

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_____ percent or more of patients with bipolar disorders may not respond to lithium or a related drug, may not receive the proper dose, or may relapse while taking it

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Thirty

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The brain seizure caused by ECT lasts from _____ seconds to a few minutes

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25

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The medications used for bipolar disorders are called

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mood stabilizers

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Lexapro and Zoloft are

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SSRIs

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What procedure to treat depression was modeled after techniques used successfully to treat Parkinson's disease?

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Deep brain Stimulation

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What is an important reason for those with bipolar disorder to participate in psychotherapy?

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to emphasize the importance of continuing to take their medication

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These medications were discovered accidentally as researchers were looking for a new drug to combat schizophrenia

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tricyclics

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More than _____ percent of patients with mania improve through the use of mood-stabilizing agents

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60

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What does SSRI stand for?

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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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Which is NOT one of the types of suicidal individuals, according to Shneidman

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death collaborator

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What is the ratio of attempted suicides to completed suicides

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12:1

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Men commit suicide with far greater frequency than women do, although women attempt to kill themselves quite a bit more frequently than men do. One reason for this involves the methods the different genders choose for committing suicide, with men relying on violent means, such as the use firearms, with greater frequency. Annually, around _____ percent of all male suicides involve the use of a gun, as compared with only _____ percent of female suicides.

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56 and 31

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Suicide can be caused by immediate or long-term stressors. Which circumstance would NOT be considered a long-term stressor?

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the loss of a loved one through death

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Pamela tends to see the world in black-and-white, seeing things in either/or terms and frequently using the word "only." Cognitive theorists would describe this as a(n) _____ thinking pattern

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Dichotomous

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Shneidman believed that the key to suicide is a feeling of psychological

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pain

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Emile Durkheim's sociological view of suicide suggests that there are three different types of suicide. What are they

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anomic altruistic egoistic

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The activity level of the neurotransmitter _____ has been found to be low in people who commit suicide

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serotonin

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The world anomie, which is at the heart of one of the three types of suicide proposed by Emile Durkheim, means

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Without law

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The rate of _____ suicides has been rising more than that of any age group in recent years, a trend that is not fully understood

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middle aged

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Teenagers who attempt to kill themselves far outnumber those who actually succeed in ending their lives. In fact, it is estimated that, for every completed teen suicide, there are as many as _____ attempts.

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200

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In 1997, the state of _____ passed the "Death with Dignity" Act, which allows a physician to assist with a suicide by administering a lethal dose of drugs, provided that several diagnostic criteria have been met and multiple factors are considered.

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Oregon

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Research indicates that _____ therapy may be of the MOST help for suicidal individuals

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cognitive behavioral

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The first suicide-prevention program in the United States was established in _____, in 1955.

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Los Angeles, California

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Which is NOT one of the initial responsibilities of a counselor at a suicide-prevention program when responding to a caller?

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alerting law-enforcement authorities to the caller

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The overall suicide rate in the United States is approximately _____ suicides out of every 100,000 people in a given year.

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12.1

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A person who clearly intends to end his or her life at the time of a suicide attempt.

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death seeker

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A person who attempts suicide believing that the process of death is already under way and that he or she is simply quickening the process.

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death initiator

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A person who attempts suicide without recognizing the finality of death.

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death ignorer

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which country has the LOWEST annual suicide rate?

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mexico

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Research has found a strong link between the use of alcohol or drugs and suicidal actions. For example, as many as 70 percent of those who commit suicide have some alcohol in their blood when they die, and approximately _____ percent of them are legally intoxicated.

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25

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In support of Freud's view, researchers have found a relationship between _____ and later suicidal behaviors.

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childhood loss

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The white American teen suicide rate today is _____ percent greater than the African American or Hispanic American teen suicide rate

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25

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Many theorists have argued that _____ is the ultimate form of suicide prevention

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education

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Which group has the highest suicide rate in the United States

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American Indians

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Research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia reflects:

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the fear of further mental deterioration

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One suicide setting off a rash of other suicides is referred to in the text as suicide

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contagion

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A study of 343 depressed people found that those who felt rejected or neglected by their _____ as children were more likely than others to attempt suicide as adults

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parents

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Elderly persons commit approximately _____ percent of all suicides in the United States

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19

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Clinical depression appears to play a role in approximately _____ percent of suicides by the elderly

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60

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In order to understand the causes and contributing factors to a suicide, researchers often gather information about a person who has ended his or her life. They may talk to friends, family members, or colleagues. They may examine paperwork or records. With appropriate permission, they may talk to doctors or other professionals in an attempt to build a picture of the suicide victim's state of mind and motivation. This kind of "psychological autopsy" is formally called a(n):

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retrospective analysis

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Which Hispanic American group attempts suicide MOST often?

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Costa Rican

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Research suggests that as many as 70 percent of all suicide victims had been experiencing:

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severe depression

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It is estimated that approximately 1 out of every _____ children attempts to harm him- or herself in a given year, with many ending up hospitalized for self-injurious behavior.

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100

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Clinical interviews with schoolchildren have revealed that between _____ percent have thought about suicide.

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6 and 33

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According to a recent review, around _____ percent of teens who have attempted suicide terminate treatment against their therapists' advice.

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18

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A person who is ambivalent about the wish to die even as he or she attempts suicide.

answer

death darers

AbPsych Chap 5-9 – Flashcards

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