question

There are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal Behaviors are labeled abnormal relative to cultural norms

answer

cultural relativism

question

dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness - These constitute feelings or behaviors classified as maladaptive or abnormal

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What are the 4 'D's of abnormality

question

Large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin

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Psychic Epidemics

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When behaviors, thoughts or actions interfere with the person;s ability to function in daily life, to hold a job, or to form close relationships.

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dysfunction (four D's of abnormality)

question

Causes emotional or physical pain Can be distress to the individual, or to those around them

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distress (four D's of abnormality)

question

Leads to judgement of abnormality. what is considered deviant is influenced by cultural norms. Wide array of behaviors are considered deviant including hearing voices.

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deviance (four D's of abnormality)

question

potential harm to others, excessive aggressiveness, suicidal beliefs.

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Dangerousness (four D's of abnormality)

question

biological, supernatural, psychological

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historical perspectives on abnormality: 3 theories

question

Problems in thoughts, feelings, and behavior vary from normal to abnormal No clear dividing line exists between normal variations in thoughts, emotions, and behaviors and what would be labeled as abnormal Judgment on where to draw the line between normality and abnormality are subjective

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Continuum Model of Abnormality

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Study of abnormal psychology that includes people who suffer unusual: Mental pain Emotional pain Physical pain

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Psychopathology

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Ways people express symptoms of abnormality People's willingness to admit to certain types of behaviors or feelings Types of treatments deemed acceptable or helpful for people exhibiting abnormal behaviors

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Culture and gender influence is shown by:

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Driving away evil spirits by: Exorcism Trephination: Sections of the skull are drilled or cut away to allow evil spirits to go out of the body

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Ancient theories: Prehistoric times

question

Balancing Yin and Yang Emotions controlled by internal organs

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Ancient theories: Ancient China

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Biological theories dominated Hysteria Diseases result from imbalances in the body's essential humors

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Ancient Theories: Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome

question

Abnormal behavior was attributed to physical causes or traumas Witchcraft Persons accused of witchcraft were possibly mentally ill Psychic epidemics

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Medieval Views

question

Growth of a more humane treatment of the mentally ill People become mad because they are separated from nature People succumb to the stresses imposed by the rapid social changes of the period

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Mental Hygiene Movement

question

Patients be provided with humane conditions to live in Failure Patients remained impaired or their condition worsened Number of patients who failed to benefit increased

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Moral Treatment

question

Disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death

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General Paresis

question

discovery of the cause of general paresis

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One of the most important discoveries of modern biological theories:

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Wilhelm Griesinger - Psychological disorders can be explained in terms of brain pathology

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Wilhelm Griesinger

question

Developed a scheme for classifying symptoms into discrete disorders that is followed even today - helped develop the original DSM

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Kraepelin

question

Wilhelm Griesinger, Kraepelin

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2 Main people of the modern biological perspective theory:

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Applying animal magnetism to cure disturbed magnetism in patient's body

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Mesmerism

question

Study of the unconscious

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Psychoanalysis

question

Conditioning response in the presence of a stimuli

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Classical conditioning

question

Study of the role of reinforcement and punishment in determining behavior

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Behaviorism

question

Thought processes that influence behavior and emotion

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Cognitions

question

People's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events

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self-efficacy beliefs

question

Integrating mental patients into the community with the support of community-based treatment facilities

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Deinstitutionalization

question

Mental patients recover better or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community

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Patients' rights movement

question

Provide coordinated mental health services to people in community mental health centers

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Community mental health movement

question

Offer people with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment - a center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners, psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society.

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Halfway houses

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Allow people to obtain treatment during the day, along with occupational and rehabilitative therapies People live at home at night

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Day Treatment centers

question

Collection of methods for coordinating care Ranges from simple monitoring to total control over what care can be provided and paid for Solves problems created by deinstitutionalization

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Managed Care

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Psychiatrists Clinical psychologists Marriage and family therapists Clinical social workers Licensed mental health counselors Psychiatric nurses

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Professions within abnormal psychology

question

MD can prescribe medication, have been trained in psychotherapies as well

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Psychiatrists

question

PhD or PsyD specialization in treating and researching psychological problems. Can conduct psychotherapy, but mostly do not prescribe medication

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clinical psychologists

question

specialize in helping families, couples, and children overcome problems that are interfering with their well being.

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marriage and family therapists

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masters degree in social work. work on helping people with psychological problems overcome social conditions that are contributing to the problem such as homelessness or joblessness

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clinical social workers

question

individuals who have graduate training in counseling beyond the bachelors degree in counseling by have no obtained a PhD

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licensed mental health councelors

question

degree in nursing. specialization int the treatment of people with severe psychological problems - can prescribe medication

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psychiatric nurses

question

Biological, social, and psychological factors are integrated not singular theories

answer

The integrationist approach to understanding mental health

question

Set of ideas that provides a framework for questioning, gathering and interpreting information about a phenomenon

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Theory

question

Treatment that addresses factors that theory says cause the phenomenon

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Therapy

question

Combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that results in the development of psychological symptoms Referred as risk factors because they increase the risk of psychological problems

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Biopsychosocial approach

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Genetic predisposition

answer

biological risk factors

question

Increases the risk of multiple types of psychological problems

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transdiagnostic risk factors

question

only when the risk factor and the trigger or stress come together in the same individual does the full disorder emerge Diathesis (Bio, Soc, or Psych factor) + Stress (Bio, Soc, Psych trigger) = disorder

answer

Diathesis Stress Model

question

one of the most dramatic examples of the effect of biological factors on psychological functioning

answer

Phineas Gage

question

Brain dysfunction, chemical imbalances, and genetic abnormalities

answer

3 Biological causes of abnormality

question

Set of structures that regulate many instinctive behaviors, such as reactions to stressful events and eating Located around the central core of the brain and closely interconnected with the hypothalamus

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Limbic system

question

Structure of the limbic system that is critical in emotions such as fear

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Amygdala

question

Part of the limbic system that plays a role in memory

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Hippocampus

question

Biochemicals that act as messengers carrying impulses from one neuron, or nerve cell, to another in the brain and in other parts of the nervous system

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Nuerotransmitters

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Slight gap between the synaptic terminals and the adjacent neurons

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synapse

question

Molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons

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receptors

question

Occurs when the neurons that initially released the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorb the neurotransmitter, decreasing the amount left in the synapse

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Reuptake

question

Occurs when the receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals

answer

degredation

question

Psychological symptoms may possibly be associated with: Number and functioning of the receptors for neurotransmitters on the dendrites Malfunctioning in neurotransmitter systems

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Biochemical Imbalances

question

Travels through many key areas of the brain, affecting the function of those areas

answer

Serotonin

question

Found in areas of the brain associated with the experience of reinforcements or rewards, and it is affected by substances, such as alcohol, that are found rewarding

answer

Dopamine

question

Produced by neurons in the brain stem Cocaine and amphetamine, prolong the action of norepinephrine by slowing its reuptake process

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Norepinephrine

question

Inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters Tranquilizing effect of some drugs is because they increase the inhibitory activity of GABA

answer

Gammaaminobutyric acid or GABA

question

System of glands that produces chemicals called hormones released directly into the blood

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Endocrine system

question

Carries messages throughout the body and affects: Mood Levels of energy Reactions to stress

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hormones

question

Produces the largest number of different hormones and controls the secretion of other endocrine glands

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Pituitary

question

anxiety and depression

answer

Malfunctioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) causes

question

pituitary gland

answer

"master gland"

question

Study of the genetics of personality and abnormality is concerned with the following questions To what extent are behaviors or behavioral tendencies inherited? What are the processes by which genes affect behavior?

answer

Behavioral Genetics

question

Disorders are associated with multiple abnormal genes

answer

Gene abnormality

question

Multiple genetic abnormalities coming together in one individual to create a specific disorder

answer

Polygenic process

question

Genetic factors influence the kinds of environments chosen which reinforces individual's genetically influenced personalities and interests Environment acts as a catalyst for a genetic tendency

answer

Genetics and the Environment

question

Environmental conditions affect the expression of genes Environment modifies the DNA to turn on or off

answer

Epigenetics

question

Help relieve psychological symptoms by improving the functioning of neurotransmitter systems

answer

Drug therapies

question

Used rarely, and only with people who have severe disorders that do not respond to other forms of treatment

answer

Psychosurgery

question

Used to treat mania and has fewer side effects than lithium

answer

Anticonvulsants

question

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS ) Deep brain stimulation Vagus nerve stimulation

answer

Electroconvulsive therapy and newer brain stimulation techniques

question

biological treatment that exposes patients to repeated, high intensity magnetic pulses that are focused on particular brain structures in order to stimulate those structures.

answer

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS )

question

treatment in which the vagus nerve - the part of the automatic nervous system that carries information from the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen to several areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus and amygdala - is stimulated by a small electronic device much like a cardiac pacemaker, which is surgically implanted under a patient's skin in the left chest wall - treats epilepsy and in rare cases depression

answer

Vagus nerve stimulation

question

procedure to treat depression in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a pulse generator that is placed under the skin and stimulates these brain areas

answer

Deep brain stimulation

question

Reduce symptoms of psychosis (loss of reality testing, hallucinations, delusions) - Thorazine (a phenothiazine), Haldol (a butyrophenone), Clozaril (an atypical antipsychotic)

answer

Antipsychotic drugs

question

reduce symptoms of depression (sadness, loss of appetite, sleep disturbances) - Parnate (an MAO inhibitor), Elavil (a tricyclic), Prozac (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

answer

Antidepressant drugs

question

Reduces symptoms of mania (agitation, excitement, grandiosity) - Lithobid, Cibalith-S

answer

Lithium

question

Reduces symptoms of anxiety - Numbutal (a barbiturate) and Valium (a benziazepine)

answer

Antianxiety drugs

question

Treatment is drug dependent and address biological issues Side effects are worse than the disorder itself Role of the environment and psychological processes are not addressed (role of the sufferer is solely to remember to take the medication)

answer

Biological Approach - Treatment

question

Behavioral, Cognitive, Psychodynamic and humanistic, family systems, and emotion=focused approaches

answer

What are the 5 psychological approaches?

question

Explains people's seemingly irrational responses to a host of neutral stimuli Pairing a previous stimulus that naturally leads to a certain response, and eventually the neutral stimulus will be able to elicit that respones

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Shaping of behaviors by rewarding desired behaviors punishing undesired behaviors

answer

operant conditioning

question

New behaviors are learnt from imitating the behaviors modeled by important people

answer

modeling

question

Person observes the rewards and punishments that another person receives and then behaves accordingly

answer

observational learning

question

occurs when reinforcement is delivered after every single target behaviour

answer

continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

question

reinforcement is delivered after some behaviors or responses but never after each one. Harder to become extinct. Example - gambling

answer

partial reinforcement schedule (INT)

question

disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced.

answer

extinction

question

behavior that is reinforced because is allows individuals to avoid situations that cause anxiety

answer

conditioned avoidance response

question

stimulus that naturally produces a desired response (dog food)

answer

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

question

response naturally occurring in the presence of the unconditioned stimulus - dog salivates

answer

unconditioned response (UR)

question

previously neutral stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus (bell)

answer

conditioned stimulus (CS)

question

response occurring in the presence of the conditioned stimulus (dog salivates)

answer

conditioned response (CR)

question

removes the individual from the reinforcing situation or environment

answer

removal of reinforcements

question

makes the situation or stimulus that was once reinforcing no longer reinforcing - a type of behavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect.

answer

aversion therapy

question

help the individual voluntarily control physiological manifestations of anxiety

answer

relaxation excercises

question

help the individual temporarily distract from anxiety-producing situations; divert attention from physiological manifestations of anxiety

answer

distraction techniques

question

exposes the individual to the dreaded or feared stimulus while preventing the avoided behavior

answer

flooding or implosive therapy

question

pairs the implementation of relaxation techniques with hierarchical exposure to the aversive stimulus

answer

systematic desensitization

question

pairs rewards with desired behaviors

answer

response shaping with operant conditioning

question

provides rewards for reaching proximal goals

answer

behavioral contracting

question

models desired behaviors, so that the client can learn through observation

answer

modeling and observational learning

question

free will

answer

behavioral theories have been criticized for not recognizing ___ _____ in people's behaviors

question

modeling

answer

often systematic desensitization therapy is combined with _________

question

experiencing the feared exposure - confronting it to overcome the fear (in systematic desensitization therapy - works better than simply imagination of the exposure)

answer

in vivo exposure

question

Argue that it is not just rewards and punishments that motivate human behavior Cognition shape behavior and emotions

answer

Cognitive theories

question

Thoughts or beliefs

answer

cognition

question

Of events can influence behavior because it impacts the meaning given to present and future events

answer

causal attributions

question

Broad beliefs of oneself, relationships and the world

answer

global assumptions

question

Identify and challenge negative thoughts and dysfunctional belief systems Helps to learn effective problem-solving techniques to deal with the concrete problems Designed to be short term

answer

cognitive therapies

question

Cognitive techniques combined with behavioral techniques

answer

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

question

Assist clients in identifying their irrational and maladaptive thoughts Teach clients to challenge their irrational or maladaptive thoughts and to consider alternative ways of thinking Encourage clients to face their worst fears about a situation and recognize ways they could cope

answer

Goals of Cognitive therapy (3)

question

Difficult to prove that maladaptive cognitions precede and cause disorders Rather than being the symptoms or consequences of the disorders - Does depression cause negative thoughts or do negative thoughts cause depression?

answer

greatest limitation of the cognitive approach

question

Sexual disorders Substance use disorders

answer

Cognitive therapy has been proven useful in disorders such as:

question

Believes all behavior, thoughts, and emotions, both normal or abnormal, are influenced by unconscious processes Includes psychoanalysis and several newer approaches

answer

Psychodynamic theories

question

Theory of personality and psychopathology Method of investigating the mind Form of treatment for psychopathology

answer

psychoanalysis

question

id, ego, superego

answer

three systems of the human psyche

question

sexual drive (libido) and aggressive drive

answer

Freud - two basic drives that motivate human behavior

question

System from which the libido emerges, and its drives and impulses seeks immediate release

answer

id

question

Force that gratifies wishes and needs in ways that remain within the rules of society for its appropriate expression

answer

ego

question

Storehouse of rules and regulations for the conduct of behavior that are learned from one's parents and from society

answer

superego

question

Completely out of our awareness

answer

unconcious

question

Intermediate between the unconscious and the conscious

answer

preconcious

question

unconcious

answer

where do interactions among the id, ego, and superego occur?

question

Retreating to a behavior of an earlier developmental period to prevent anxiety and satisfy current needs

answer

regression

question

Refusing to perceive or accept reality

answer

denial

question

Discharging unacceptable feelings against someone or something other than the true target of these feelings

answer

displacement

question

Inventing an acceptable motive to explain unacceptably motivated behavior

answer

rationalization

question

Adopting a cold, distanced perspective on a matter that actually creates strong, troubled unpleasant feelings

answer

intellectualization

question

Attributing one's own unacceptable motives or desires to someone else - when you hate someone so you accuse the other person of hating you

answer

projection

question

Adopting a set of attitudes and behaviors that are the opposite of one's true dispositions

answer

reaction formation

question

Adopting the ideas, values, and tendencies of someone in a superior position in order to elevate self-worth

answer

identification

question

Type of defense mechanism Translating wishes and needs into socially acceptable behavior. - Satisfying an impulse (aggression) with a substitute object. In a socially acceptable way. Example: Sports to get rid of aggression

answer

sublimation

question

oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

answer

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

question

Emphasizes on individual's ability to regulate defenses that allow healthy functioning within the realities of society

answer

ego psychology

question

Integrated significant aspects of Freud's drive theory with the role of early relationships in areas of development of self-concept and personality

answer

object relations

question

Emphasize the unconscious dimensions of our relationships with one another from pregnancy and infancy throughout all of life

answer

self psychology and relational psychoanalysis

question

Help clients recognize: Their maladaptive coping strategies The sources of their unconscious conflicts

answer

psychodynamic therapies

question

Client talks about whatever comes to mind, without censoring any thoughts

answer

free association

question

Occurs when the client reacts to the therapist as if the therapist were an important person

answer

transference

question

Repeatedly going over painful memories and difficult issues

answer

working through

question

Emerged from modern psychodynamic theories and is short-term Shifted focus from the unconscious conflicts to the client's pattern of relationships with important people in their lives Therapist is much more structured and directive Offers interpretations much earlier Focuses on how to change current relationships

answer

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

question

Most comprehensive theories of human behavior Difficult or impossible to test its fundamental assumptions, scientifically Long-term and intensive nature makes it unaffordable for many people

answer

Assessing / Problems of psychodynamic approaches

question

Based on the assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life

answer

humanistic theories

question

Individuals naturally move toward personal growth, self-acceptance, and self-actualization

answer

carl rogers approach

question

Fulfillment of ones potential for love, creativity, and meaning

answer

self actualization

question

Help clients discover their potential through self-exploration

answer

Goal of humanistic therapy

question

Therapist communicates a genuineness in his or her role as helper Acting as an authentic person not an authority figure Showing unconditional positive regard for the client Communicating with empathic understanding (a part of humanistic therapy)

answer

client-centered therapy

question

Focus on free will is a refreshing change from the emphasis on pathology and external forces Criticized for being vague and not subject to scientific testing Appropriate for people who are moderately distressed but insufficient for people who are seriously distressed

answer

Assessing humanistic approaches

question

Views the family as a complex interpersonal system, with its own hierarchy and rules that govern family members' behavior Views a family member's psychological disorder as an indication of a dysfunctional family system

answer

family systems theory

question

Believes that an individual's problems are always rooted in interpersonal systems, particularly family systems

answer

family systems therapy

question

Effective in the treatment of children, because they are so much more entwined in families than adults Needs more research

answer

assessing family systems approaches

question

Focus on people's ability to understand and regulate their emotions Incorporates techniques from behavioral, cognitive therapy with Zen Buddhism

answer

Third wave approaches

question

Difficulties in managing negative emotions and in controlling impulsive behaviors

answer

Dialectical behavior therapy

question

Avoidance is the heart of all problems

answer

Acceptance and commitment therapy

question

Look beyond the individual or family to the larger society to understand people's problems Risk factors for mental health problems Socioeconomic disadvantage Upheaval and disintegration of societies Social norms and policies that stigmatize and marginalize certain groups Social norms and policies that stigmatize and marginalize certain groups put these individuals at increased risk for mental health problems

answer

Sociocultural approaches

question

Most psychotherapies are focused on the individual whereas most cultures are collective Psychotherapies value the expression of emotions whereas most cultures restrain them Clients are expected to initiate communication on expectations which can clash with cultural norms Class and issues of race pose difficulty in accessing help Issues of age difference, gender and ethnicity hinder treatment

answer

cross-cultural issues in treatment

question

Stopping the development of disorders before they start

answer

primary prevention

question

Detecting a disorder at its earliest stages to prevent the development of the full-blown disorder

answer

secondary prevention

question

Preventing relapse and reducing the impact of the disorder on the person's quality of life

answer

tertiary prevention

question

Have a positive relationship with the client Provide clients with an explanation or interpretation of why they are suffering Encourage clients to confront painful emotions and have techniques for helping them become less sensitive to these emotions

answer

common elements in effective treatment

question

Accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure

answer

validitiy

question

Indicates consistency of assessment tools in measuring what it is supposed to measure

answer

reliability

question

Standard method of administering a test Prevents extraneous factors from affecting a person's response

answer

standardization

question

face, content, predictive, concurrent, construct

answer

types of validity (5)

question

test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure

answer

face validity

question

test assesses all important aspects of a phenomenon

answer

content validity

question

test predicts the behavior it is trying to measure

answer

predictive validity

question

test yields the same results as other measures of the same behavior

answer

concurrent validity

question

test measures what it is supposed to measure, not something else

answer

construct validity

question

test-retest, alternate form, internal, interrater / interjudge

answer

types of reliability (4)

question

test produces similar results when given at two points in time

answer

test-retest reliability

question

two versions of the same test produce similar results

answer

alternate form reliability

question

different parts of the same test produce similar results

answer

internal reliability

question

two or more raters or judges who administer and score a test come to similar conclusions

answer

interrater / interjudge reliability

question

Mental status exam Appearance and behavior Thought processes Mood and affect Intellectual functioning Orientation

answer

initial interview

question

Constitute a series of questions about symptoms experienced currently or in the past Has a standardized format Concrete criteria is used to score a person's answers

answer

structured interview

question

Has 21 items, each of which describes four levels of a given symptom of depression Criticized for not clearly differentiating between the clinical syndrome of depression and the general distress

answer

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

question

Questionnaires meant to assess people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

answer

Personality inventories

question

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

answer

Most widely used personality inventory

question

Clinician looks for specific behaviors and what precedes and follows these behaviors

answer

behavioral observation

question

Not relying on individuals' reporting and interpretation of their own behaviors

answer

advantage of behavioral observation

question

Individuals may alter their behavior when they are being watched

answer

disadvantage of behavioral observation

question

Watching a child interact with another child to see what provokes him or her

answer

example of behavioral observation

question

Keeping track of the number of times per day they engage in a specific behavior and the conditions under which this behavior occurs Open to biases in what individuals notice about their behavior and are willing to report Example - Asking a client to keep track of the number of times per day he or she engages in a specific behavior such as smoking a cigarette

answer

self-monitoring

question

Measures an individual's intellectual strengths and weaknesses when mental retardation or brain damage is suspected Measures basic intellectual abilities like Ability for abstract reasoning Verbal fluency Spatial memory

answer

Intelligence Tests

question

Little consensus as to what is meant by intelligence Biased toward middle- and upper-class educated European Americans

answer

Criticism of intelligence tests

question

Detects specific cognitive deficits such as a memory problem

answer

Nueropsychological tests

question

Assesses individuals' sensorimotor skills by having them reproduce a set of nine drawings Differentiates people with brain damage from those without brain damage Does not reliably identify the specific type of brain damage a person has

answer

Bender-Gestalt Test

question

Enhanced X-ray procedure

answer

Computerized tomography (CT)

question

Provides a picture of activity in the brain Requires injecting the patient with a harmless radioactive isotope

answer

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

question

Similar to PET except that a different tracer substance is injected

answer

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

question

Images the brain at any angle and provides finely detailed pictures

answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

question

Used to detect changes in the brain and nervous system that reflect emotional and psychological changes Alternative methods to CT, PET, SPECT, and MRI

answer

Psychophysiological tests

question

Measures electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of specific neurons in the brain

answer

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

question

When presented with an ambiguous stimulus people will interpret the stimulus in line with their: Current concerns and feelings Relationships with others Conflicts or desires Useful in: Uncovering unconscious issues of a person Cases when the person is resistant or is heavily biasing the information presented to the assessor

answer

Projective Tests

question

Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

answer

Frequently used projective tests

question

Resistance and inability to provide information Evaluating children Difficulties in communication and reporting Evaluating individuals across cultures Language barriers Different cultures experience different psychological disorders differently

answer

Challenges in assessing in any style of therapy

question

Set of symptoms that occur together Tend to co-occur within individuals

answer

syndrome

question

Set of syndromes and the rules for determining whether an individual's symptoms are part of a syndrome

answer

classification system

question

divided all mental disorders into Mania - States of abnormal excitement Melancholia - States of abnormal depression Paranoia Epilepsy

answer

Hippocrates classification for diagnosis

question

First edition outlined the diagnostic criteria for mental disorders recognized at the time Criteria were vague descriptions heavily influenced by psychoanalytic theory DSM - II included more diseases

answer

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) I & II

question

Developers replaced the vague descriptions of disorders with specific and concrete criteria for each disorder Criteria are in the form of behaviors, experiences or feelings DSM-5 incorporated a continuum or dimensional perspective on mental disorders

answer

DSM-III, DSM-IIIR, DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR, and DSM-5

question

Specification of how long a person must show symptoms of the disorder in order to be given the diagnosis Criteria for most disorders require that symptoms interfere with occupational or social functioning

answer

How Later and Earlier Editions of DMS Differ

question

Low reliability of diagnoses is due to many factors Criteria were still vague requiring the clinician to: Make inferences about the individual's symptoms Rely on the individual's willingness to report symptoms Reliability of the DSM-5 diagnoses remains to be determined

answer

Reliability of the DSM

question

No, there were 5 axials

answer

Are there Axials in DSM-5? and how many axials are there?

question

Reifying diagnoses Category or continuum Differentiating mental disorders from one another Addressing cultural issues

answer

Continuing Concerns About the DSM-IV-TR

question

judgements, bias, labeling

answer

Social-psychological dangers of diagnosis

question

Prediction that there is no relationship between a phenomena and the statement

answer

Null hypothesis

question

Way to measure or manipulate the variables in a study

answer

operationalization

question

Understanding the study Confidentiality Right to refuse or withdraw participation Informed consent Should not be deceived into the study Should be debriefed at the end of the study

answer

What are the Basic rights for all participants in a study

question

Detailed history individuals who have suffered some form of psychological disorder Understand the experiences of single individuals to make a general inference Opportunity to study rare problems Cannot be generalized Lack objectivity

answer

Case Studies

question

Examine the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable without manipulating either variable

answer

Correlational studies

question

Two or more variables are measured and the correlation is examined

answer

continuous variable

question

Two or more groups are compared on variables of interest

answer

group comparison study

question

Participants assessed at one point in time

answer

cross-sectional

question

Participants assessed on two or more occasions over different time periods

answer

longitudinal

question

Statistic used to represent the relationship between variables, denoted by the symbol r Falls between −1.00 and +1.00 Positive correlation coefficient - As values of the independent variable increase, values of the dependent variable also increase Negative correlation coefficient - As values of the independent variable increase, values of the dependent variable decrease

answer

Correlation coefficient

question

Index of how likely a result is due to chance P < .05 - Probability (p) is less than 5 in 100 that the result occurred by chance alone Statistical and clinical significance are not necessarily equivalent

answer

Statistical significance

question

Possibility that variables not measured in a study are the real cause of the relationship between the variables that are measured

answer

Third Variable problem

question

Group of people taken from a population one wants to study

answer

sample

question

Highly similar to the population of interest in terms of sex, ethnicity, age, and other important variables

answer

representative sample

question

Time consuming Not indicative of cause and consequence Third variable problem

answer

Disadvantages of longitudinal studies

question

Study of frequency and distribution of a disorder, which focuses on following type of data

answer

epidemiological studies

question

Proportion of the population

answer

prevalence

question

Occurrence within a specified period of time

answer

incidence

question

Conditions associated with increased likelihood of occurrence of a problem

answer

risk factors

question

Share limitations with correlational studies Cannot establish that any risk factor causes a disorder Third variables may explain the relationship between any risk factor and the rates of a disorder

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Problems with epidemiological studies

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Human laboratory study Therapy outcome studies Single-case experimental design

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types of experimental studies

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All participants have an equal chance of being in the experimental or the control group

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random assignment

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demand characteristics

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threats to internal validity in human laboratory studies

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Participants guess the purpose of the study and thus change their behavior

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demand characteristics

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Both the participants and the experimenters should be unaware of the experimental or the control condition

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double-blind experiment

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Researcher has more control over variables Participants can be randomly assigned to groups Appropriate control groups can be created to rule out alternative explanations of important findings

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advantages of human lab studies

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Results may not generalize to outside the laboratory Ethical limitations

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disadvantages of human laboratory studies

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Designed to test whether a specific therapy reduces a problem in individuals who receive it

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therapy outcome studies

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Do not receive the therapy when the experimental group does but instead are made to wait

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wait list control group

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Have the same interactions with experimenters as the participants in the experimental group, but take pills that are inactive substances

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placebo control group

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Provide help to people in distress as research is generated

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advantage of therapy outcome studies

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Hard to tell which aspect of therapy led to reduction in the psychopathology Raises questions about appropriate control groups Ethical considerations Patients' needs must be balanced with the need to administer standardized therapy Generalizability of results to real-world delivery of therapy is unclear

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disadvantages of therapy outcome studies

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Individual or a small number of individuals are studied intensively

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Single case experimental design

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An intervention is introduced, withdrawn, and then reinstated and the behavior of the participant is examined both on and off the treatment

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ABAB or reversal design

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An intervention might be given to the same individual but in different settings, or to different individuals at different points in time

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Multiple baseline design

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Expose animals to situations in the laboratory that it would not be ethical to impose on humans More control over laboratory conditions and third variables than in human laboratory studies

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Animal studies

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Ethical issues Generalizability between animals and humans

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Limitations of animal studies

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shuttle box for learned helplessness

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example of animal study

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Identify genetic factors associated with psychopathology Investigate the degree to which genes play a role in a particular disorder, or its heritability, through: Family history studies Twin studies Adoption studies

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genetic studies

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Identify people who have the disorder Identify control group Trace the family pedigrees of individuals in these two groups and determine how many of their relatives have the disorder

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family history study

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Identify people with the disorder who were adopted shortly after birth Determine the rates of a disorder among: Biological relatives of the adoptees Adoptive relatives of the adoptees

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adoption study

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Comparing the DNA of a group of people who have a disorder, with people who have no form of psychopathology

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Molecular genetic studies / association studies

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Looking for other characteristics that co-occur with the disorder and have known genetic markers

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linkage analysis

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Acknowledge and examine similarities and differences between cultures in the nature, causes, and treatment of psychopathology

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cross-cultural studies

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Variation in meaning of concepts and theories Difficult to translate assessment tools across cultures Cultural or gender differences in peoples' responses to the social demands of interacting with researchers Researchers label one culture as healthy and another as unhealthy

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challenges of cross-cultural studies

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Statistical technique for summarizing results across several studies

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Meta-analysis

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Literature search Transform the results of each study into a statistic common Examine the average effect size across studies and relate it to characteristics of the study

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Steps of meta-analysis

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Overcomes the problems resulting from small numbers of participants in an individual Provides more power to find significant effects

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advantage of meta-analysis

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Problems with methodology File drawer effect

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disadvantages of meta-analysis

question

Studies that do not support the hypothesis are less likely to get published than studies that do

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file-drawer effect

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when a person is diagnosed with one disorder also met the criteria for at least one other disorder

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comobidity

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once a diagnosis is defined in any classification system, people tend to reify it, seeing it as real and true rather than as the product set of judgments about how symptoms tend to occur together.

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Reifying diagnoses

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questions have been raised about whether a continuum perspective is practical for real-world use. Mental disorders may exist along a continuum, but the human mind may be constructed to think more in terms of categories and the presence or absence of disorders.

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Categories vs. continuum model

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under diagnosed and over diagnosed

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When the individual and the assessor do not share the same language, symptoms can be both ______ and _______

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The patient feels as if the problem is a part of them and doesn't necessarily need to be resolved

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Ego syntonic

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They themselves feel there is a problem

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Ego dystonic

Abnormal Psychology Test 1: Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 – Flashcards

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