question

psychologists

answer

clinical or counseling, Ph.D or Psy. D, only profession trained to administer educational, psychological and neuropsychological assessments

question

psychiatrists

answer

M.D.s can prescribe psychiatric medications

question

psychopathology

answer

study of the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders

question

4 general components for defining mental disorders

answer

-distress -disability -dysfunction -deviation

question

paradigm

answer

perspective or conceptual framework from within which a scientist operates

question

biological approach

answer

anatomy, physiology, genetics, evolution

question

eugenics

answer

promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable characteristics from the population

question

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

answer

induce epileptic seizures with electric shock, still used today to treat severe depression (last resort)

question

psychological approach

answer

hypnosis and catharsis, freud's structure of mind

question

hypnosis

answer

state of consciousness that uses focused attentions to enhance ones susceptibility to suggestion

question

catharsis

answer

sometimes used in hypnosis, release of emotional tension triggered by reliving and talking about an event

question

freud's structure of mind

answer

id ego superego

question

id

answer

irrational and unconsciousness

question

ego

answer

rational conscious

question

superego

answer

the conscious and moral judgement, develops as we incorporate parental and society values

question

defense mechanisms

answer

psychological maneuvers used to manage stress and anxiety

question

Biological approach

answer

"observable behaviors" approach

question

epigenetics

answer

study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function, "above genetics"

question

neuroscience paradigm

answer

examines the contribution of brain structure and function to psychopathology

question

neurotransmitter

answer

chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across the synapse to another neuron

question

gene-environment interaction

answer

ones response to a specific environmental event is influenced by genes

question

reciprocal gene-environment interaction

answer

genes predispose individuals to seek out situations that increase the likelihood of developing a disorder

question

limbic system

answer

used in expression of emotions

question

amygdala

answer

role is attention to emotionally important stimuli and memories

question

reductionism

answer

view that behavior can be best understood by reducing it to its basic biological components

question

behavioral paradigm

answer

behavior is reinforced by consequences to alter behavior you must modify consequences

question

cognitive paradigm

answer

behaviorism criticized for ignoring thoughts and emotions. cognition- mental process that includes perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, judging, and reasoning

question

schema

answer

view of how the world works, organized network of previously accumulated knowledge

question

systematic desensitization

answer

relaxation plus gradually increasing exposure, important treatment for anxiety disorders

question

cognitive reconstructing

answer

change a pattern of thinking, changes in thinking can change feelings, behaviors, and symptoms

question

sociocultural factors

answer

mental illnesses exist in all parts of the world, but culture may influence how we express those illnesses

question

diagnosis

answer

the classification of disorders by symptoms and signs

question

comorbidity

answer

presence of a second diagnosis

question

criticism of the DSM

answer

too many diagnosis stigma against mentally ill diagnosis and bias reliability

question

psychological assessment

answer

ideal assessment involves multiple measures and methods (using whats called battery of tests)

question

clinical interviews

answer

interviewers attends to HOW the questions are answered, informal or semi-structured and structured interviews

question

minor depressive disorder

answer

at least two symptoms of depression are present for at least 2 weeks

question

major depressive disorder

answer

showing 4 or more symptoms of depression lasting at least 2 weeks and could go on for years

question

persistent depressive disorder

answer

Dysthymia, depressed mood for at least 2 years; 1 year for children, plus 2 of the symptoms

question

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

answer

menstrual cycles, at least 5 of the following symptoms were present in the final week before the onset of menses

question

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

answer

servere recurrent temper outbursts, including verbal or behavioral expressions of temper that are out of proportion in intensity or duration to the provocation.

question

bipolar 1

answer

at least one episode of mania

question

bipolar 2

answer

at least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania

question

cyclotomic disorder (cyclothymia)

answer

-chronic form of bipolar disorder -lasts at least 2 yrs -numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms

question

mania

answer

state of intense elation, enthusiasm, or even irritation

question

hypomania

answer

less intense symptoms of mania

question

manic episode

answer

abnormally increased activity and energy, at least 3 of the symptoms

question

DSM-IV-TR divided substance problems into 2 categories:

answer

Substance abuse Substance dependence

question

Treatments of Substance Use Disorders

answer

-Detox -AA -CBT -Contingency-Management Therapy -Controlled drinking -medications

question

Alcoholic

answer

dependent/heavy user of alcohol

question

Polydrug abuse

answer

drug users use multiple substances

question

addicting agent of tobacco

answer

nicotine

question

Tobacco prevalence

answer

-More prevalent among White and Hispanic youth than African Americans -African Americans less likely to quit and more likely to get lung cancer -More prevalent among men than women (Except 12- to 17)

question

Cannabis prevalence

answer

-Greater use by men than women -More common in European- and Native Americans than in Africa, Asian, or Hispanics

question

major active ingredient in marijuana

answer

THC

question

Effects of marijuana

answer

-Increased blood pressure -Rapid shifts of emotion -Effects take 30 minutes to appear

question

Opiates

answer

Group of addictive sedatives that in moderate doses relieve pain and induce sleep

question

Effects of opiates

answer

Stimulate receptors of the body's opioid system producing euphoria, drowsiness, and lack of coordination

question

Stimulants/amphetamines & effects

answer

Alertness, high energy & motor activity, reduced fatigue, reduced appetite, increased heart rate, and constricts blood vessels

question

Hallucinogens & effects

answer

causes visual/audio hallucinations of things that are not really there or heard LSD Mescaline Psilocybin (Mushrooms) Ecstasy PCP

question

Contingency Management

answer

Vouchers given to people who stay off drugs that can be traded for desirable goods

question

Drug Replacement Treatments and Meds

answer

Heroin substitutes help to prevent feeling high but gives body the what it is craving to help prevent withdrawal symptoms Synthetic narcotics- Methadone, levomethadyl acetate, bupreophine

question

treatment for cocaine

answer

antidepressants and CBT

question

Bulimia Nervosa

answer

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives

question

Binge-Eating Disorder

answer

eating a whole bunch of food without pucking to purge yourself of it Associated with obesity and history of dieting

question

Normal BMI & obesity

answer

Normal = 20-25 Obese = >30

question

Objectification Theory

answer

Women defined by their bodies & looks; men defined by their accomplishments, power, and masculinity Women see their own bodies through the eyes of others

question

Sexual norms & sex differences

answer

culture influences beliefs about sexuality

question

Gender identity

answer

the gender someone associates themselves with

question

Gender dysphoria

answer

Someone who does not assosiate themselves with the gender they are born with

question

Sexual response cycle

answer

Desire phase Excitement phase Orgasm phase Resolution phase (DEOR)

question

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

answer

Diminished, absent, or reduced frequency of intrests in sexual actions and/or sexual sensations

question

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

answer

Persistently deficient or absent sexual fantasies and desires, as judged by the clinician

question

Erectile disorder

answer

difficulty in obtaining/maintaining an erection on 75%-100% of occasions during sexual activity

question

Female orgasmic disorder

answer

Marked delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasms on 75%-100% of occasions during sexual activity

question

Delayed ejaculation disorder

answer

Marked delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation on most or all occasions (75%-100%) of sexual activity

question

Premature ejaculation disorder

answer

Persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation occurring approximately 1 minute following penetration

question

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

answer

Marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain/anxiety of pain during vaginal intercourse or penetration attempts

question

Transvestic disorder

answer

cross-dressing for sexual gratification

question

Paraphilic Disorders

answer

Recurrent sexual attraction to unusual objects or sexual activities

question

Fetishistic disorder

answer

Reliance on an inanimate object or nongenital body parts for sexual arousal

question

Pedophilic disorder

answer

Sexually arousing urges, fantasies or behaviors involving sexual contact with child

question

Voyeuristic disorder

answer

Sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors while observing unsuspecting person who is naked or engaging in sexual activity

question

Exhibitionistic disorder

answer

Intense desire to obtain sexual gratification by exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting persons

question

Frotteuristic disorder

answer

Sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person

question

Sexual sadism

answer

Intense and recurrent desire to obtain or increase sexual gratification by INFLICTING pain

question

sexual masochism disorder

answer

Intense and recurrent desire to obtain or increase sexual gratification by RECEIVING pain

question

Asphyxiophilia

answer

oxygen deprivation during sex

question

Developmental psychology

answer

Studies disorders of childhood within context of lifespan development

question

Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5

answer

Autism, Aspergers, Disintegrative, Persuasive developmental disorders became AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Mental retardation became INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

question

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

answer

a disorder that stems from early brain abnormalities (Autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disabilities, learning disorder, ADHD, tic disorders)

question

Externalizing disorders

answer

Characterized by outward-directed behaviors Noncompliance, aggressiveness, overactivity, impulsiveness (Includes ADHD, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder)

question

Internalizing disorders

answer

Characterized by inward-focused behaviors (Depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, childhood anxiety, and mood disorders)

question

3 subcategories of ADHD

answer

Predominantly inattentive type Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type Combined type

question

ADHD prevalence

answer

ADHD often comorbid with anxiety and depression More common in boys Symptoms persist beyond childhood

question

ADHD treatment

answer

-Medication of stimulants + behavioral treatment -Psychological treatment -Supportive classroom structure

question

Conduct Disorder criteria

answer

Repetitive, persistent behavior which violates the rights of others or social norms -Aggression to people and animals, -Destruction of property -Deceitfulness or theft -Serious violation of rules

question

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

answer

ODD behaviors do not meet criteria for Conduct Disorder (especially extreme physical aggressiveness) but child displays pattern of defiant behavior

question

Treatment of Conduct Disorder

answer

-Family interventions -Teach parents to monitor more & reward prosocial behavior -Deliver intensive community-based services

question

Anxiety in Children and Adolescents

answer

Most childhood fears disappear but adults with anxiety disorders report feeling anxious as children

question

Separation Anxiety Disorder (children)

answer

Worry about parental or personal safety when away from parents

question

OCD in children

answer

Symptoms similar to those in adults Most common obsessions: Contamination from dirt and germs

question

Specific Learning Disorder

answer

Difficulties in learning basic academic skills (reading, mathematics, or writing) inconsistent with person's age, schooling, and intelligence Significant interference with academic achievement

question

Intellectual disability

answer

Intellectual deficit of 2 or more standard deviations in IQ below the average score for a person's age and cultural group (IQ<70)

question

Down syndrome

answer

An extra copy of chromosome 21 47 total instead of 46 chromosomes

question

autism treatment

answer

Psychological treatments more promising than drugs

question

Fear

answer

State if immediate alarm in response to a recognized threat.

question

Anxiety

answer

Vague sense of being in danger

question

What is the most common disorder?

answer

Anxiety

question

What are the four criteria for generalized anxiety disorder?

answer

1. Excessive or ongoing worry or anxiety for 6 months about all things 2. Difficulty controlling worry 3. Physical symptoms 4. Significant distress or dysfunction

question

What are the 6 physical symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder? (remember that only 3 of 6 are needed)

answer

1. Restless 2. Fatigue 3. Lack of focus 4. Irritable 5. Muscle tension 6. Sleep disturbance

question

Realistic anxiety

answer

Real threat

question

Neurotic anxiety

answer

Id wants something ego won't let have

question

Moral anxiety

answer

Id got what is want but then is punished

question

Ego defense mechanism

answer

Denial or repression

question

Metacognitive thoery

answer

Worrying is both adaptive and dangerous, worrying about worrying

question

Intolerance of uncertainty theory

answer

Chance that something bad that happens will happen

question

Specific phobias

answer

Marked and persistent fear lasting for 6 months, immediate anxiety -Actively avoid or endured fear -Fear or anxiety disproportionate with danger -Distress or dysfunction.

question

Agoraphobia

answer

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or help is not available which results in a panic attack

question

Social anxiety disorder

answer

Fear or anxiety about one or more social situations subject is exposed to scrutiny of others

question

Panic disorder

answer

Panic attacks are recurrent and unexpected

question

What is no longer listed with anxiety disorders?

answer

Obsessive compulsive disorder

question

Obsessions

answer

Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that are experiences repeatedly

question

Compulsion

answer

Repetitive behavior or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.

question

Stressor

answer

Event or condition that demand adaptation

question

Stress response

answer

Coordinated production of three types of adaptive change. (Physical, emotional, and cognitive)

question

Three phases of stress

answer

1. Alarm stage 2. Resistance stage 3. Exhaustion stage

question

Acute stress disorder

answer

Time length is 2 days to 4 weeks, in the categories of (intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal)

question

Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity (need at least 2)

answer

-Irritable or angry outbursts -Reckless or self-destructive behavior -Hypervigilance -Exaggerated startle response -Poor concentration -Sleep disturbance

question

Identity

answer

The integrated personality

question

Dissociation

answer

Loss of integration of personality. Unconscious process, disruption of memory, identity, or consciousness

question

Dissociative Amnesia

answer

Inability to recall autobiographical information

question

Localized dissociative amnesia

answer

Most common, follows very disturbing occurrence, forgotten events are called amnestic episode

question

Selective dissociative amnesia

answer

Second most common, retained memory of same limited period of time

question

Generalized dissociative amnesia

answer

Loss of memory of events long before upsetting period

question

Continuous dissociative amnesia

answer

Forgetting continues to present

question

Which memories are affected and which ones are spared?

answer

Episodic memories are affected and semantic memories are spared

question

Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue

answer

Forget personalities and memories of previous lives and ends suddenly

question

Dissociative identity disorder (Multiple personality disorder)

answer

Development of two or more distinct personalities with a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions

question

Primary personality

answer

Host, most commonly appearing

question

What are some possible difference is subpersonalitites?

answer

-Age -Sex -Race -Family history -Self-image -Abilities -Preferences -Physiological responses

question

Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder

answer

Persistent recurring instances in which one's mental functioning or body feels unreal

question

Doubling

answer

Sense of mind floating, may experience distortions of sensations

question

Which statement summarizes a key difference between fear and anxiety?

answer

Fear focuses on an aspect of the present moment, while anxiety is about a future event.

question

Social phobia is diagnosed as either __________ or __________.

answer

generalized; specific

question

Panic attacks can be thought of as a misfire of the __________.

answer

fear system.

question

Generalized Anxiety Disorder typically begins during __________.

answer

adolescence.

question

To protect against feared consequences, many people with anxiety, especially panic disorder, engage in __________.

answer

safety behaviors.

question

This two-step behavioral model of anxiety development includes: 1) the classical conditioning of the fear; and 2) gaining relief from the fear through operant conditioning.

answer

Mowrer's two-factor model

question

Classical conditioning of panic attacks in response to bodily sensations has been called __________.

answer

interoceptive conditioning

question

Specific phobias can be effectively treated by having the phobic person confront actual situations involving their feared object, a treatment method called __________.

answer

in-vivo exposure

question

A well-validated treatment approach for panic disorder, based on the tendency of people with panic disorder to overreact to bodily sensations, is called __________.

answer

panic control treatment (or PCT)

question

Which type of medication would generally be the preferred first choice for an individual with an anxiety disorder?

answer

An antidepressant

question

Most people who stop taking medications for their anxiety disorder __________.

answer

relapse once they discontinue it.

question

OCD usually is first experienced __________.

answer

before age 10.

question

Research on cultural variations in Body dysmorphic disorder (or BDD) suggests that __________.

answer

the disorder is experienced similarly around the world, but the body part that is the focus of concern differs.

question

In the DSM-IV-TR __________ was considered a symptom of OCD; however, the DSM-5 describes it as a distinct category.

answer

hoarding

question

One theory suggests that people with OCD suffer from a deficit in __________, meaning they fail to gain the internal sense of completion.

answer

yedasentience

question

Research on conditioning models of OCD suggests that __________.

answer

people with OCD are slower to change their response to a conditioned stimulus once it is no longer rewarded.

question

The most widely used psychological treatment of OCD is __________.

answer

Exposure Response Prevention Therapy (or ERP)

question

Which treatment of choice for OCD has been modified to address the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder?

answer

Exposure Response Prevention Therapy (or ERP)

question

What type of medication is the most commonly prescribed for OCD and Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

answer

Antidepressants

question

Greater activity in which area of the brain is associated with PTSD?

answer

Amygdala

question

Virtual Reality Therapy has been used to treat which disorder?

answer

PTSD

question

In dissociative disorders, the person loses track of all of the following EXCEPT: __________.

answer

sensory abilities.

question

Which statement suggests that repression of traumatic memories may not actually occur?

answer

Extreme stress tends to enhance memory function.

question

As part of the controversy about whether recovered memories of abuse are real, researchers have suggested that these recovered memories may instead stem from __________.

answer

the suggestions of a therapist.

question

1

answer

1

question

Studies of individuals with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) that examine implicit and explicit memory functions have found that __________.

answer

people diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) demonstrate more accurate memory functioning compared to their self-reports of memory abilities.

question

Tests of implicit and explicit memory are used with individuals diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) to determine __________.

answer

whether or not alters share memories.

question

In __________ disorder, the person's perception or experience of the self is disconcertingly and disruptively altered, so that the person feels detached from the self or as if in a dream state.

answer

depersonalization

question

Other disorders that commonly involve the symptoms of depersonalization include each of the following EXCEPT: __________.

answer

dependent personality disorder.

question

With Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), the __________ alter may be totally unaware that the other alters exist.

answer

primary

question

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) usually begins in __________, but it is rarely diagnosed until __________.

answer

childhood; adulthood

question

Some researchers and clinicians question the veracity of the diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), in part because __________.

answer

the majority of cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) were diagnosed by a small number of clinicians.

question

Therapists who are most likely to diagnose Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) tend to use all of the following EXCEPT: __________.

answer

administration of medications which act as "truth serum."

question

All of the following are true of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) EXCEPT: __________.

answer

people with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) often get better on their own.

question

Both the post traumatic and sociocognitive models assume that __________ may set the stage for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID).

answer

child abuse

question

The main difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder is that __________.

answer

in illness anxiety disorder, there are either no somatic symptoms or only very minor ones.

question

Which DSM-5 disorder is defined by multiple recurrent bodily complaints that are highly distressing, and often lead the person to spend excessive time and energy focusing on their health concerns?

answer

Somatic Symptom

question

Somatic symptoms in the Somatic Symptom-Related disorders often begin or intensify after __________.

answer

conflict or stress.

question

In __________ disorder, sensory or motor symptoms begin suddenly and suggest an illness related to neurological damage.

answer

conversion

question

In malingering, a person seeks some type of reprieve from responsibility or a reward, whereas in factitious disorder, the person wants __________.

answer

to be in the role of patient.

question

People with somatic symptom disorder do each of the following EXCEPT: __________.

answer

believe what their doctors tell them.

question

People with somatic symptom disorder do all of the following EXCEPT: __________.

answer

focus on the psychological component of the symptoms.

question

A defining difference between people with a somatic symptom disorder and those without is __________.

answer

people with these disorders are more likely to notice and be distressed by their somatic symptoms.

question

One of the major obstacles to treatment of somatic symptom disorders is __________.

answer

people with these disorders don't want to consult mental health professionals.

question

The aim of Cognitive behavioral therapy (or CBT) for people with somatic symptom disorders is to __________.

answer

(reduce excessive attention to bodily sensations, challenge negative thoughts about the sensations, discourage the seeking of reassurance from doctors) all of the above

question

In Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, a variant of traditional Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), the goal is to help patients with somatic symptom disorders __________.

answer

change their attitude toward their symptoms so they stop struggling with symptoms.

question

Comorbid __________ occurs frequently in people with schizophrenia.

answer

substance abuse

question

The lifetime prevalence for schizophrenia is slightly less than __________ percent of the population.

answer

1%

question

Acute episodes of schizophrenia are typically characterized by __________ symptoms.

answer

positive

question

Avolition, anhedonia, flat affect, and alogia, are examples of __________ symptoms.

answer

negative

question

The anhedonia deficit in schizophrenia appears to be in __________.

answer

the anticipation of enjoyment of future events, but not for present-moment situations.

question

All of the following are forms of delusions EXCEPT: __________.

answer

hearing voices arguing.

question

In one sample of people with schizophrenia, 74 percent reported having __________ hallucinations.

answer

auditory

question

Molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia have shown that schizophrenia is likely due in part to __________.

answer

the impact of several different genes.

question

Stress __________ and a disrupted __________ axis likely contribute to the reductions in hippocampal volume observed in people with schizophrenia.

answer

reactivity; HPA

question

Researchers in the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study, identified all of the following factors that predicted a greater likelihood of developing a psychotic disorder EXCEPT: __________.

answer

low levels of positive symptoms.

question

Failure to show activation in the prefrontal cortex is related to the severity of __________ symptoms.

answer

negative

question

Which theory proposes that during the course of their developing illness, people with schizophrenia may drift into poor neighborhoods because their illness impairs their earning power and they cannot afford to live elsewhere?

answer

Social selection theory.

question

All of the following are side effects of antipsychotic medications EXCEPT: __________.

answer

heightened visual acuity.

question

Studies have suggested that using __________, along with medications, can help to reduce hallucinations and delusions.

answer

Cognitive behavioral therapy (or CBT)

question

Which law, passed in 1990, prohibits employers from asking applicants if they have a history of serious mental illness?

answer

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

question

When are we old?

answer

Social Policy arbitrarily sets old as over 65

question

Young-old

answer

65-74 years

question

old-old

answer

75-84

question

old-oldest

answer

85+

question

Aging involves severe cognitive decline

answer

Untrue, but minor declines are common

question

Late life is a sad time and most elderly are depressed

answer

untrue Older individuals report less negative emotion than younger people

question

Social Selectivity

answer

As we age, we focus on the interpersonal relationships that matter most to us

question

Older people lose interest in sex

answer

Sexual activity does not decrease from mid to late life for most people

question

Problems multiply with age

answer

Physical decline and disabilities Sensory and neurological deficits Loss of loved ones Social stresses such as stigmatizing attitudes towards elderly (ageism) 80% of elderly people have at least one major medical condition

question

Sleep apnea

answer

pauses in breathing

question

Polypharmacy

answer

Practice of prescribing multiple drugs to patients

question

Dementia

answer

brain damage happening slowly over time. (permanent)

question

Delirium

answer

clouded state of consciousness, often fluctuating hourly/daily. (temporary problem)

question

Alzheimer's Disease

answer

most common dementia. irreversible brain tissue deterioration. death usually occurs within 12 years.

question

Cognitive reserve

answer

use of alternative brain networks to compensate for disease

question

Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

answer

Impairment of executive functions: planning, problem solving, goal-directed behavior, moral & ethical thinking. Memory not severely disrupted.

question

Vascular Dementia

answer

Typically results from stroke (cardiovascular)

question

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)

answer

Two subtypes: with Parkinson's, no Parkinson's Protein deposits in the brain that make it harder to move. Symptoms similar to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.

question

Prevention and Treatment of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)

answer

Since medications haven't worked well, shift to prevention. Psychological treatments: -supportive psychotherapy for family and patient -education about disease and care

question

What is a personality disorder?

answer

longstanding, pervasive, inflexible, extreme, and persistent patterns of behavior and inner experience

question

5 General Characteristics of Personality Disorder

answer

1. unusually extreme personality attributes 2. problematic 3. impacts social relationships 4. stable over time 5. ego-syntonic

question

Ego-syntonic

answer

symptoms are seen as normal and valued aspects of personality, they think others are the ones with a problem.

question

Ego-dystonic

answer

notice something is wrong

question

Schizotypal PD

answer

an extreme pattern of odd beliefs and behaviors, and of difficulties relating to others. More common in men.

question

Schizoid PD

answer

an extreme pattern of seeming indifferent to others and cold, bland style of behavior

question

Paranoid PD

answer

an extreme pattern of suspicion, hostility, and resentment.

question

Histrionic PD

answer

An extreme pattern of attention-seeking behavior and shallow but dramatically expressed emotions. Goal is to always be the center of attention

question

Narcissistic PD

answer

An exreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative behavior combined with a notable lack of empathy. think they are the shit

question

Antisocial PD

answer

An extreme pattern of deceitful, manipulative, and sometimes dangerous behavior that often leads to violence or illegal actions

question

Psychopathy

answer

Focuses on internal thoughts and feelings. Lacks emotions, negative emotions, lacks shame, remorse and anxiety

question

Borderline PD

answer

an extreme and sometimes dangerous pattern of emotional instability, emotional emptiness, confused identity, and tendencies toward self-harm

question

Diathesis-Stress Model

answer

psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability (to the disorder) and stresses caused by life experiences. stress vs predisposition

question

Dependent PD

answer

An extreme pattern of relying on others to take care of one's needs and make decisions, combined with a bitter kind of agreeableness.

question

Avoidant PD

answer

fear of failure, criticism, or rejection leads to avoidance of normal activities.

question

OCPD Obsessive-compulsive PD

answer

an extreme pattern of rigidly conscientiousness behavior, including an anxious and inflexible adherence to rules and rituals, perfectionism, and a stubborn resistance to change.

question

Big Five Personality

answer

-Extraversion -Agreeableness -Conscientiousness -Neuroticism -Openness to Experience

question

Concerns about diagnosing personality disorders

answer

-personality disorders overlap - difficult to diagnose just one. -some diagnoses are rare.

question

Five personality trait domains

answer

1. Negative Affectivity 2. Detachment 3. Antagonism 4. Disinhibition 5. Psychoticism

question

Criminal Commitment

answer

People with mental illness who are alleged to have broken the law are subject to criminal commitment.

question

Involuntary Commitment

answer

An individual can be committed to a psychiatric hospital against his wishes: 1. person is mentally ill 2. danger to self or others

question

Insanity & insanity defense

answer

Insanity is a legal term. Insanity defense: defendant not responsible for an illegal act if it is attributable to mental illness or not knowing right from wrong. -rarely successful -pleaded in fewer than 1% of cases

question

American Law Institute Guidelines

answer

1. The person's criminal act is a result of "mental disease or defect" that results in the person's inability to behave according to the law. 2. The terms 'mental disease or defect' do not include an abnormality manifested only be repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct".

question

Not guilty be reason of insanity (NGRI)

answer

Accused not responsible for the crime because of mental illness

question

Guilty but mentally ill (GBMI)

answer

Found guilty and responsible for the crime. Mental illness plays a role in sentencing.

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Competency to Stand Trial

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Accused must be able to participate in his or her defense.

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Synthetic Sanity

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If medication can produce rationality, trial can be held.

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Civil Committment

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Parens Patriae: "Power of the State": Duty of government to limit freedoms for people's protection.

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Dangerousness of the mentally ill

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90% of psychotic patients are non-violent!

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Confidentiality

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therapy is confidential/privileged communication. can be broken if: -patient has filed a malpractice suit against a therapist -patient is under the age of 16 and a crime or abuse victim -patient is trying to avoid arrest for a crime committed or planned -patient is a danger to self or others

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Deinstitutionalization

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In the 1960s, many states released patients from state psychiatric hospitals; community treatment preferred. Many cities lack sufficient community mental health facilities.

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transinstitutionalization

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mentally ill being released from state psychiatric hospitals end up in nursing homes, hospitals, prisons, or homeless.

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Right to Treatment

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state required to provide treatment after civil commitment. right to refuse treatment unless person is a danger to self or others.

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Tarasoff Case

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Therapist was told by patient that he was going to kill his ex-girlfriend, therapist told the police but not the ex-girlfriend and her family sued for not informing the victim because she died. therapist has a duty to warn potential victim

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Research ethics

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Ethical restraints to avoid unnecessary harm, risk, humiliation, and invasion of privacy to participants.

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informed consent

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sufficient information must be provided to allow an individual to make an informed decision to participate can withdraw take it back at anytime

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