Abnormal Psychology Chs. 5-8 (Barlow/Durand 7th edition) – Flashcards

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anxiety
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a negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future
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panic
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sudden, overwhelming fright or terror
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fear
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an immediate alarm reaction to danger
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panic attack
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an abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort, accompanied by physical symptoms that usually include heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, and, possibly, dizziness
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behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
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brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety
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fight/flight system (FFS)
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brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm and escape response resembling human panic
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness
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panic disorder (PD)
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recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to avoid future attacks
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agoraphobia
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anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult in the event of panic symptoms or other unpleasant physical symptoms
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panic control treatment (PCT)
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cognitive behavioral treatment for panic attacks, involving gradual exposure to feared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them
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specific phobia
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unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning
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blood-injection-injury phobias
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unreasonable fear and avoidance of exposure to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection
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situational phobias
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anxiety involving enclosed places or public transportation
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natural environment phobias
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fear of situations or events in nature, especially heights, storms, and water
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animal phobia
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unreasonable, enduring fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life
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separation anxiety disorder
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excessive, enduring fear in some individuals that harm will come to them or their loved ones when they are apart
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social anxiety disorder
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extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to severe helplessness or a fear-inducing threat
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attachment disorders
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developmentally inappropriate behaviors in which a child is unable or unwilling to form normal attachment relationships with care giving adults
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reactive attachment disorder
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attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed behavior neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers of help from one
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disinhibited social engagement disorder
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condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoever in approaching adults
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them
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obsessions
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recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing they are not imposed by outside forces
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compulsions
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repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behaviors or mental acts a person feels driven to perform to suppress obsessions
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body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
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disorder featuring a disruptive preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance
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trichotillomania
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people's urge to pull out their own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and arm
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excoriation
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recurrent, difficult-to-control picking of one's skin leading to significant impairment or distress
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somatic symptom disorder
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disorder involving extreme and long-lasting focus on multiple physical symptoms for which no medical cause is evident
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dissociative disorder
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disorder in which individuals feel detached from themselves or their surroundings and reality, experience, and identity may disintegrate
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illness anxiety disorder
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somatic symptom disorder involving severe anxiety over belief in having a disease process without any evident physical cause
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psychological factors affecting medical condition
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somatic condition in which a psychological characteristic impacts a diagnosed medical condition, such as asthma being exacerbated by anxiety
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conversion disorder
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physical malfunctioning, such as blindness or paralysis, suggesting neurological impairment but with no organic pathology to account for it
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malingering
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deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder motivated by gain
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factitious disorder
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nonexistent physical or psychological disorder deliberately faked for no apparent gain except possibly sympathy and attention
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derealization
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situation in which the individual loses a sense of the reality of the external world
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depersonalization/derealization disorder
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dissociative disorder in which feelings of depersonalization are so severe they dominate the client's life and prevent normal functioning
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dissociative amnesia
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dissociative disorder featuring the inability to recall personal information, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature
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generalized amnesia
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loss of memory of all personal information, including identity
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localized or selective amnesia
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memory loss limited to specific times and events, particularly traumatic events
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dissociative fugue
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type of dissociative amnesia featuring sudden, unexpected travel away from home, along with an inability to recall the past, sometimes with assumption of a new identity
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dissociative trance
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altered state of consciousness in which people firmly believe they are possessed by spirits; considered a disorder only where there is distress and dysfunction
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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formerly known as multiple personality disorder; a disorder in which as many as 100 personalities or fragments of personalities coexist within one body and mind
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alter egos (alters)
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the different personalities or identities in dissociative identity disorder
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mood disorders
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group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression
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major depressive episode
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most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks
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mania
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period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria
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hypomanic episode
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less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders
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mixed features
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condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time
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persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
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mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months
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double depression
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severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of persistent dysthymic mood
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hallucinations
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psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present
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delusion
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psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality
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catalepsy
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motor movement disturbance seen in people with some psychoses and mood disorders in which body postures are waxy and can be "sculpted" to remain fixed for long periods
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter
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integrated grief
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grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss
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complicated grief
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grief characterized by debilitating feelings of loss and emotions so painful that a person has trouble resuming a normal life
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disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
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condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania
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bipolar I disorder
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alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes
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bipolar II disorder
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alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes
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cyclothymic disorder
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chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes
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neurohormones
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hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology
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learned helplessness theory of depression
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Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality)
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depressive cognitive triad
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thinking errors in depressed people negatively focused in three areas: themselves, their immediate world, and their future
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mood-stabilizing drug
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a medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving their application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures
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cognitive therapy
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treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes and, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles
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interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
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brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes, in marital conflict or forming relationships in marriage or a new job
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maintenance treatment
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combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy
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suicidal ideation
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serious thoughts about committing suicide
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suicidal plans
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the formulation of a specific method of killing oneself
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suicidal attempts
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efforts made to kill oneself
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psychological autopsy
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postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death
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bulimia nervosa
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eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food
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binges
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relatively brief episode of uncontrolled, excessive consumption, usually of food or alcohol
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anorexia nervosa
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eating disorder characterized by recurrent food refusal, leading to dangerously low body weight
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binge-eating disorder (BED)
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pattern of eating involving distress-inducing binges not followed by purging behaviors
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obesity
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excess of body fat resulting in body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more
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purging techniques
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in the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, the self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse used to compensate for excessive food ingestion
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night eating syndrome
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consuming a third or more of daily food intake after the evening meal and getting out of bed at least once during the night to have a high-calorie snack. in the morning, however, individuals with this disorder are not hungry and do not usually eat breakfast. these individuals do not binge during their night eating and seldom purge
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bariatric surgery
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surgical approach to extreme obesity, usually accomplished by stapling the stomach to create a small stomach pouch or bypassing the stomach through gastric bypass surgery
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rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
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periodic intervals of sleep during which the eyes move rapidly from side to side, and dreams occur, but the body is inactive
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dysomnias
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problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality sleep
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parasomnias
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abnormal behaviors such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep
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polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation
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assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in the lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wave, and other functions
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actigraph
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small electronic device that is worn on the wrist like a watch and records body movements
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sleep efficiency (SE)
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percentage of time actually spent sleeping of the total time spent in bed
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microsleeps
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short, seconds-long periods of sleep that occur in people who have been deprived of sleep
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insomnia disorder
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condition in which insufficient sleep interferes with normal functioning
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rebound insomnia
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in a person with insomnia, the worsened sleep problems that can occur when medications are used to treat insomnia and then withdrawn
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hypersomnolence disorder
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sleep dysfunction involving an excessive amount of sleep that disrupts normal routines
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sleep apnea
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disorder involving brief periods when breathing ceases during sleep
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narcolepsy
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sleep disorder involving sudden and irresistible sleep attacks
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breathing-related sleep disorders
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sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, caused by a breathing problem such as interrupted (sleep apnea) or labored (hyperventilation) breathing
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circadian rhythm sleep disorder
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sleep disturbances resulting in sleepiness or insomnia, caused by the body's inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current pattern of day and night
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nightmares
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frightening and anxiety-provoking dreams occurring during rapid eye movement sleep. the individual recalls the bad dreams and recovers alertness and orientation quickly
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sleep terrors
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episodes of apparent awakening from sleep, accompanied by signs of panic, followed by disorientation and amnesia for the incident. these occur during nonrapid eye movement sleep and so do not involve frightening dreams
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sleepwalking
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parasomnia that involves leaving the bed during nonrapid eye movement sleep
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somnambulism
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repeated sleepwalking that occurs during nonrapid eye movement sleep and so is not the acting out of a dream. the person is difficult to waken and does not recall the experience
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