Abnormal Psychology – Childhood Disorders – Flashcards
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Common kinds of psychological problems in infants?
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Sleep issues, developmental disorders, separation anxiety
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Common kinds of psychological problems in toddlers?
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Fears, anxiety, behavioral problems, bedwetting, developmental disorders
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Common kinds of psychological problems in school aged children?
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Fears and anxiety, school difficulties, social problems (bullying), conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder
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Common kinds of psychological problems in adolescence?
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Physical and sexual changes/disorders, depression, panic disorder, substance abuse, anxiety/mood disorders
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Common kinds of psychological problems in young adulthood?
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Anxiety and mood disorders, sexual disorders, psychotic disorders (onset in young adulthood)
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Common kinds of psychological problems in adulthood?
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Full range of disorders not yet covered
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Common kinds of psychological problems in older adulthood?
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Cognitive disorders
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How many children and adolescents in North America experience a diagnosable psychological disorder?
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20% (1/5)
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Boys with psychological disorders outnumber girls, even though...
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Most of the adult psychological disorders are more common among women
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Women are ____ times more likely to experience anxiety or depression than men.
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10
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Some childhood disorders such as _____ and ______ are also experienced by adults.
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Anxiety and depression
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Other childhood disorders such as _______, ________, and ________/_________ usually either disappear or radically change form by adulthood.
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Conduct disorder, ADHD, enuresis/encopresis
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Some disorders begin at birth or in childhood and persist in stable forms into adult life called
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Pervasive developmental disorders and mental retardation
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Most children break rules or misbehave, but if they consistently display extreme hostility and defiance, they may qualify for a diagnosis of __________
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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Symptoms of ODD
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Argue repeatedly with adults Lose temper, feel anger and resentment Are disobedient (ignore adult rules and requests) Display negative behaviors (try to annoy other people or blame others)
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____% of children receive this diagnosis
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8
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This is more common in _____ than in _____ before puberty but equal in both genders after puberty
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Boys, girls
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Symptoms of Conduct Disorder
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Repeatedly violate the basic rights of others Aggressive, may be physically cruel to people or animals Deliberately destroy others' property, skip school, or run away from home May steal, threaten, harm their victims Commit crimes such as shoplifting, forgery, breaking into buildings or cars, mugging, and armed robbery Acts of physical violence may include rape or homicide
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What age does Conduct disorder usually begin between?
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7-15
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___% of children (3/4 boys) may qualify for this diagnosis
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10
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Children with mild conduct disorder often improve over time, but severe cases can continue into adulthood and develop _______
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Antisocial personality disorder or other psychological problems
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Usually most children first display a pattern of ____
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ODD
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More than ____ of children with conduct disorder also display ADHD
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1/3
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What are the causes of conduct disorder?
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Biological factors, drug abuse, poverty, traumatic events, exposure to violent peers or community violence, troubled parent-child relationships, inadequate parenting, family conflict
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How do clinicians treat oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?
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Parent child interaction therapy Parent management training Residential treatment Cognitive behavioral intervention Anger coping and coping power program Some drug therapy
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Parent Child Interaction Therapy
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Parents taught to interact positively, set appropriate limits, use "bug in ear," reinforce children for complying with parental requests, use of time out chair
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Parent Management Training
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Parents are taught behavioral skills for managing child behavior; how to stop rewarding unwanted behaviors and to reward proper ones
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Residential treatment
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For conduct disorder
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Cognitive behavioral intervention
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Problem solving skills training
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Some drug therapies
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Ritalin (stimulant drug that works to reduce aggressive behaviors at home and school)
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Prevention may be the greatest hope for dealing with conduct disorder. How?
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Prevention programs that begin in the earliest stages of childhood. These programs try to change unfavorable social conditions before a conduct disorder is able to develop
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When children ages 8-15 were asked what concerned them most about school, all age groups pointed to _____
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Bullying
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Bullying a factor in ____ of school shootings, most often, the shooter was victim of bullying
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2/3
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Children who display ADHD have difficulty attending to tasks or behave over reactively or impulsively
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...
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Children who have trouble focusing attention may keep turning from task to task until they run in several directions at once
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...
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___% of school children display ADHD, ____% are boys.
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5, 90
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ADHD usually persists throughout childhood. Symptoms tend to lessen in adolescence, but ___% continue to have ADHD as adults.
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60
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Symptoms of ADHD
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At least 6 symptoms of inattention, persisting for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level. At least 6 symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity
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Causes of ADHD
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Biological factors Abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine and abnormalities in the frontal striatal regions of the brain Linked to high levels of stress and family dysfunctioning
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The diagnosis of ADHD may also create what?
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Social problems and produce additional symptoms - children who are hyperactive may be viewed negatively by peers and by parents so they may often view themselves negatively as well
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How do you assess ADHD?
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Observe child's behavior in several settings (school, home, friends) because symptoms of hyperactivity and inattentiveness must be present across multiple settings in order to meet DSM criteria Diagnostic interviews, rating scales
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How is ADHD treated?
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Ritalin (Stimulant drug) has a quieting effect on most children and increases their ability to solve problems and perform academically Behavioral therapy - parents and children learn to reward attentiveness and self control
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Elimination Disorder
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Children with this disorder repeatedly urinate or pass feces in their clothes, in bed, or on the floor. They already have reached an age at which they are expected to control these bodily functions, and their symptoms are not caused by physical illness
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Enuresis
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Repeated involuntary or intentional bed wetting or wetting clothes; must be 5 years old to receive diagnosis
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___% of 5 year olds suffer from enuresis. __ to ___% of 10 year olds and __% of 15 year olds
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10, 3 to 5, 1
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Treatment for enuresis
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Bell and pad technique and dry bed training
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Bell and pad technique
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Classical conditioning approach where a bell and battery are wired to a pad consisting of two metallic foil sheets and the entire thing is placed under the child at bedtime; a single drop of urine sets off the bell, awakening the child; thus the bell (unconditioned stimulus) paired with the sensation of a full bladder (conditioned stimulus) produces the response of waking. Eventually, a full bladder alone awakens the child
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Dry bed training
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Children are awakened periodically, go to the bathroom and are rewarded; usually effective
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Encopresis
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Defecating into one's own clothing
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Encopresis usually starts after age 4, affects about __% of 5 years
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1
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Encopresis is more common in which gender?
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Boys
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Causes of encopresis?
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Biological factors, stress, improper toilet training, or combination of factors. Physical problems are often linked to this disorder
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Treatment for encopresis?
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Behavioral, medical, and dietary. Family therapy also proves helpful
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Pervasive Developmental Disorder
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Autistic Disorder and Asperger's Disorder
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Steady increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism, at least 1 in ____ children display the disorder; ____% remain severely disabled into adulthood
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200, 90%
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Symptoms/Characteristics of autism
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Lack of responsiveness, low empathy, inability to share attention with others is the central feature of autism. Language and communication problems. Pronominal reversal (of pronouns). Repetitive and rigid behavior.
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Symptoms/Characteristics of Asperger's
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Display significant social impairments but maintain appropriate levels of cognitive function and language. They have odd interests, restricted and repetitive behaviors, but have normal intellectual, adaptive, and language skills.
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Aspergers is _____ than autism. 1 in ____ people display this disorder; ___% are boys.
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More common. 250, 80%
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The earlier in life people are treated,
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the better chance at being successful
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What are the causes of PDD?
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Psychological causes? Failure to develop a "theory of mind" (Most children can develop this between 3-5 years of age and can take perspective of another person). Biological causes? Possible genetic factor in this disorder
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Brain scans indicate that children with autism have _____ brain volume and abnormalities in the ______ and reduced activity in the _____ and ____ lobes
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increased; brain stem, amygdala; temporal and frontal
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How do we treat PDD?
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Behavioral therapy - modeling, operant conditioning Communication Training - sign language Parent Training
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Mental retardation
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Assessing intelligence, assessing adaptive functioning
