question

anxiety

answer

general feeling of apprehension about future danger three components 1. physiological: tension 2. cognitive: negative thoughts 3. behavioural: avoidance

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fear

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alarm reaction that occurs in response to immediate danger

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obsessions

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persistent and highly recurrent intrusive thoughts or images that are experienced as disturbing and inappropriate

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compulsions

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repetitive behaviours that a person feels must be performed in response to the obsession.

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neurotic disorders

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group of disorders to which OCD and anxiety belong, not incoherent, dangerous etc. , term dropped from DSMV

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panic attack

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fear response occurs in absence of any obvious danger three components 1. cognitive: death 2. physiological: heart beat 3. behavioural: flee

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anxiety disorders

answer

group of disorders that have unrealistic, irrational fears or anxieties of disabling intensity 1. phobia 2. social phobia 3. panic disorder 3. agoraphobia 5. generalized anxiety

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specific/social phobias

answer

anxiety regarding encounter with phobic situation, or possibility of

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panic disorder

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panic attacks + anxiety regarding having another attack

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agoraphobia

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avoid open streets and crowded places

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generalized anxiety disordy

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general sense of anxiety and worry

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phobia

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persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents no actual danger 3 types 1. specific 2. agoraphobia 3. social phobia

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specific phobia

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trigger causes immediate fear response resmbling panic attack, but with presence of trigger - not treated with drugs

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blood injection injury phobia

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phobia including disgust as well as fear at the sigh of blood or injury, initial accelration of heart rate followed by dramatic drop

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specific phobia PAG (prevalence, age of onset, gender diferences)

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common, more women than men, vary widely in age but most start in childhood

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specific phobia psychological causal factors

answer

psychoanalytic - defence against axiety stemming from repressed impulses from the id, then displaced to external object, defence present learned behaviour - conditioned to neutral stimuli when coupled with traumatic events, could also condition via observational (vicarious) classical conditioning. - differences in life experiences causes different responses to conditioning evolutionary perspective

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inflation effect

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says that person who acquires mild fear of driving following minor crash will develop full blown phobia if assaulted in the absence of vehicle.

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prepared learning

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evolutionarily prepared to rapidly associate certain objects with frightening/unpleasant events

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specific phobia biological casual factors

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- variant on serotonin-transporter gene -

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behaviourally inhibited

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those who are excessively timid, shy, esaily distressed - more prone to developing phobias

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exposure therapy

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specific phobia treatment - controlled exposure

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participant modelling

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variant on exposure therapy, more effective. Therapist models ways of interacting with phobic stimulus.

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d-cycloserine

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a drug known to facilitate extinction of conditioned fear in animals

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social phobias

answer

disorder with disabling fear of one or more specific social situations

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social phobia PAD

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common, more in women, begin later in life

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social phobia psychological causal factors

answer

learned behaviour - direct or vicarious (observational) classical conditioning evolutionary - fears of one's own species: dominance hierarchies perception of uncontrollability and unpredictability cognitive bias - expect rejection/negative evaluation

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social phobia biological causal factors

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temperament - behavioural inhibition

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cognitive restructuring

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social phobia treatment - help clients identify underlying negative automatic thoughts, logical reanalysis

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social phobia medication

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- antidepressants (MAOIs) and (SSRIs)

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symptoms of panic attack

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panic attacks that come randomly in the absence of visible trigger 1. depersonalization: detachment or derealization: unreal world 2. fear of dying 3. fear of losing control

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nocturnal panic

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panic attacks during relaxation or sleep

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agora

answer

greek word for public places of assembly, used for agoraphobia, frequent complication of panic disorder

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agoraphobia PAD

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many with panic disorder, starts in 20s or 30s, more in women than men

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agoraphobia comorbidity

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panic disorder results in at least one comorbid disorder

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timing of first panic attack (agoraphobia)

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first panic attack usually after highly stressful life circumstance

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agoraphobia biological causal factors

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genetic - moderate heritability brain - amygdala and locue coerulus biochemical - noradrenergic and serotonergic (SSRI used to treat), GABA too low

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locus coeruleus

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early believe regarding brain stem component where panic originates, now believed to be amygdala

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amygdala

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collection of nuclei in front of hippocampus, involved in fear

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prefrontal cortex

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higher brain area conencted to amygdala

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panic provocation procedures

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procedures that produce panic attacks in panic disorder patients at higher rate than in normal subjects: eg. inhaling air with co2

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agoraphobia psychological causal factors

answer

comprehensive LEARNING THEORY MODEL of panic disorder - initial internal bodily sensation of anxiety/arousal becomes interoceptive conditioned stimuli associated with higher levels of anxiety or arousal. INTEROCEPTIVE CONDITIONING MODEL. cognitive theory of panic (CATASTROPHIC THOUGHTS) - hypersensitivity to bodily sensations, catastrophization about meaning of bodily sensations

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interoceptive conditioning (exteroceptive conditioning)

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part of the comprehensive behavioural theory of panic disorder: panic attacks become associated with neutral internal and external cues. Anxiety becomes conditioned - leads to development of 1) anticipatory anxiety 2) agoraphobic fears

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3 components of panic disorder

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1) agoraphobic fears 2) anticipatory anxiety 3) panic attacks - can be conditioned to internal cues, eg. heart rate

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automatic thoughts

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part of cognitive theory of panic (agoraphobia), thoughts that are catastrophic interpretations just out of realm of awareness, but are triggers of panic

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anxiety sensitivity

answer

trait-like belief that certain bodily symptoms may have harmful consequences: I will have a heart attack if my heart is beating rapidly

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perceived control

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sense that reduces anxiety and blocks panic during provocation studies (eg. inhale co2)

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panic disorder treatments

answer

medications 1) anxiolytics 2) antidepressants - SSRIs, SNNRIs, no dependence, takes long time to take effect, side effects like dry mouth behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatments - variant on exposure treatment: interoceptive exposure - cognitive restructuring:

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anxiolytics

answer

drug used to treat panic disorders, very quick, imparied performance, dependency

question

interoceptive exposure

answer

deliberate exposure to internal cues, treatment through prolonged exposure

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panic control treatment

answer

cognitive restructuring treatment - educate, control breathing, logical errors to get rid of automatic thoughts, expose to feared situations

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generalized anxiety disorder (PAD)

answer

relatively common, more common in women but less dramatic difference, common, age of onset difficult to determine but usually in older adults

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generalized anxiety disorder comorbidity

answer

often co-occurs with other disorders, eg. panic

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generalized anxiety psychological causal factors

answer

psychoanalytic - unconscious conflict between ego and id impulses that were not dealt with due to breakdown of defence mechanisms - defence absent uncontrollability and unpredictability cognitive bias for threatening info

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generalized anxiety biological causal factors

answer

genetic- modest heritability, smaller than other anxiety disorders except phobias functional deficiency in GABA serotonin CRH

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stria terminalis

answer

extension of amygdala affected by CRH during GAD

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neurobiological differences between anxiety and panic

answer

fear panic - flight vs fight response GAD: preparation fo possible threat, smaller hippocampus

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generalized anxiety treatment

answer

medication - anxiolytic cognitive-behavioural - muscle relaxation, cognitive restructuring

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hoarding disorder

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related to OCD

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obsessive thoughts

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uncontrollable invasive thoughts

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obsessive compulsive disorder PAD

answer

- more prevalent than before, not much gender difference, late adolescence, not uncommon in children, early onset more common in boys

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OCD comorbidity

answer

frequently co-curs with social phobia, panic, etc.

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OCD psychological causal factors

answer

learned behaviour: avoidance learning - neural stimuli associated with frightening thoughts and come to elicit anxiety evolutionary - preparedness, displacement activities seen in animals cognitive - attempt to suppress unwanted thoughts leads to paradoxical increase - thought-action fusion: increase perceived harmful consequences - biases: cannot block out negative input

question

thought-action fusion

answer

thinking about something is equivalent to doing it - discussed in cognitive causal factors of OCD

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biological causal factors

answer

most strongly implicated than other anxiety disorders. genetic- genetic contribution, genetic polymorphisms brain - basal ganglia neurotransmitter - serotonin (SSRIs effective, eg. Prozac)

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basal ganglia

answer

abnormalities of the brain structure associated with OCD, dysfunction in cortico-basal-ganglionic-thalamic circuit

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OCD treatments

answer

behavioural - exposure and response prevention

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exposure and response prevention

answer

behavioural approach to treat OCD, repeated exposure to simuli that trigger obsession, prevent rituals medication - most serotonin affectors eg. PRozac, anafranil, high relapse

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body dysmorphic disorder

answer

disorder involving preoccupation with certain parts of the body

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perceived/imagined flaw

answer

obsession by people with BDD, leads to belief of disfigurement, causes distress

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BDD PAD

answer

difficult to estimate prevalence due to cover ups equal in gender but about different places adolescence

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BDD causal factors

answer

biopsychosocial approach - moderately heritable - sociocultural context that puts value in appearance (self-schemas of attractiveness = worth) - biased attention relating to words regarding attractiveness

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BDD treatment

answer

- close to OCD - but higher doses in medication needed

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hoarding disorder

answer

separated from OCD

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trichotillomania

answer

compulsive hair pulling, related to OCD, onset childhood or later

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ataque de nervios

answer

variant of panic disorder from latin america, also include bursting into tears, uncontrollable shoulting, aggresion, seizures

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koro

answer

culture related syndrome in which men fears retraction of penic, eads to death

question

taijin kyofusho

answer

japan, related to social phobia - concern about doing something embarssing

Abnormal Psychology Ch.6 – Flashcards

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