question

______________ is a state of immediate alarm in response to a serious, known threat to one's well-being

answer

Fear

question

_____________ is a state of alarm in response to a vague sense of being in danger

answer

anxiety

question

__________________ is the most common mental disorder in the U.S.

answer

Anxiety disorder

question

In any given year, _____ of the adult population in the U.S. experiences one of the six DSM-5 anxiety disorders. Close to _____ develop one of the disorders at some point in their lives. Only ____ of these individuals seek treatment.

answer

18% 29% 1/5

question

Many individuals with anxiety disorders also develop ____________ .

answer

depression

question

- Excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry. - Symptoms: restlessness, fatigue; difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and/or sleep problems (MUST have the symptoms for at least 6 months)

answer

Generalized Anxiety disorder

question

Around _______ of people with GAD are currently in treatment

answer

25%

question

Generalized Anxiety Disorder As many as 4% of the US population have symptoms in any given year and ~6% at some time during their lives Women are diagnosed more often than men by a 2:1 ratio. Around 1/4 are in treatment. (READ)

answer

Generalized Anxiety Disorder As many as 4% of the US population have symptoms in any given year and ~6% at some time during their lives Women are diagnosed more often than men by a 2:1 ratio (READ)

question

List of anxiety disorders: -Generalized Anxiety Disorder -Phobias -Panic Disorder -Obsessive Compulsive disorder -Acute Stress Disorder -Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (READ)

answer

List of anxiety disorders: -Generalized Anxiety Disorder -Phobias -Panic Disorder -Obsessive Compulsive disorder -Acute Stress Disorder -Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

question

Sociocultural Perspective: Generalized Anxiety Disorder is most likely to develop in people faced with social conditions that truly are dangerous. One of the most powerful forms of societal stress is ______________ . In any given year, African americans are _______ more likely than white americans to suffer from GAD.

answer

poverty 30%

question

Originally, theorists suggested that GAD is caused by ____________________ .

answer

maladaptive assumptions

question

______________ identified basic irrational assumptions that could lead to development of GAD: - It is a dire necessity for an adult human being to be loved or approved of by virtually every significant person in his community - It is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way one would very much like them to be

answer

Albert Ellis

question

______________ argued that those with GAD constantly hold silent assumptions that imply imminent danger: - A situation/person is unsafe until proven safe - It is always best to assume the worst

answer

Aaron Beck

question

One of the most powerful forms of societal stress is ___________ .

answer

poverty

question

Developed by Wells; suggests that the most problematic assumptions in GAD are the individual's worry about worrying

answer

Metacognitive Theory

question

Certain individuals consider it unacceptable that negative events may occur, even if the possibility is very small; they worry in an effort to find "correct" solutions

answer

Intolerance of Uncertainty Theory

question

Developed by Borkovec; holds that worrying serves a "positive" function for those with GAD by reducing unusually high levels of bodily arousal

answer

Avoidance Theory

question

Cognitive therapies for GAD include ________________ which - Point out irrational assumptions - Suggest more appropriate assumptions - Assign related homework - Studies suggest at least modest relief from treatment

answer

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

question

______________ theorists believe that GAD is caused chiefly by biological factors

answer

Biological

question

Biological relatives more likely to have GAD (~15%) than general population (~6%) The closer the relative, the greater the likelihood (READ)

answer

Biological relatives more likely to have GAD (~15%) than general population (~6%) The closer the relative, the greater the likelihood (READ)

question

______________ found to reduce anxiety. These receptors ordinarily receive ___________ ( a common neurotransmitter in the brain). GABA carries inhibitory messages; when received, it causes a neuron to stop firing

answer

Benzodiazepines GABA (Benzodiazepines work to stop neurons from firing, which generally cause anxiety)

question

Biological Perspective In normal fear reactions, neurons fire rapidly creating a state of excitability. A feedback system is triggered to reduce excitability. Malfunctions in this feedback system are believed to causes GAD. Possible reasons are _____________ and _____________

answer

too few receptors ineffective receptors

question

Biological Treatment Generalized Anxiety disorder is currently treated by _______________ and ________________ drugs. (in the early 1950s, barbituates were used. In the late 1950s benzodiazepines were used)

answer

antidepressant antipsychotic

question

Biological treatment Non-chemical biological technique; physical relaxation will lead to psychological relaxation; research indicates that it is more effective than placebo or no treatment

answer

Relaxation Training

question

Therapist uses electrical signals from the body to train people to control physiological processes; electromyograph (EMG) is the most widely used; provides feedback about muscle tension.

answer

Biofeedback

question

Phobia comes from the Greek word for ________

answer

fear

question

Persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations

answer

Phobia (people with phobias often avoid the object or thoughts about it)

question

How do common fears differ from phobias? - More intense and persistent fear - Greater desire to avoid the feared object or situation - Distress that interferes with functioning (READ)

answer

How do common fears differ from phobias? - More intense and persistent fear - Greater desire to avoid the feared object or situation - Distress that interferes with functioning (READ)

question

Most phobias are categorized as specific, but there are two broad kinds:

answer

social anxiety disorder agoraphobia

question

Criteria for _________________ - Marked, persistent, and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation, usually lasting at least 6 months. - Exposure to the object produces immediate fear - Avoidance of the feared situation - Significant distress or impairment

answer

Specific Phobia

question

Each year close to ___ of all people in the U.S. have symptoms of specific phobia. Many suffer from more than one phobia at a time. Women outnumber men at least ____ . Vast majority of people with a specific phobia ________ seek treatment (Important Demographic/Prevalence)

answer

9% 2:1 do NOT

question

Behavioral Model: Phobias develop through _____________ .

answer

conditioning

question

Other Behavioral Explanations Phobias develop through __________ - Observation and imitation Phobias are maintained through ___________ Phobias may develop into GAD when a person acquires a large number of them

answer

modeling avoidance

question

Responses to one stimulus are also elicited by similar stimuli (being scared of a pitbull makes you think that all dogs are scary)

answer

Process of stimulus generalization

question

A Behavioral-Evolutionary explanation - Some specific phobias are much more common than others - Theorists argue that there is a species-specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears - Called "preparedness" because human beings are theoretically more "prepared" to acquire some phobias than others (READ)

answer

A Behavioral-Evolutionary explanation - Some specific phobias are much more common than others - Theorists argue that there is a species-specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears - Called "preparedness" because human beings are theoretically more "prepared" to acquire some phobias than others (READ)

question

Systematic Desensitization was developed by _________________ .

answer

Joseph Wolpe

question

-Treatment for specific phobias -Teach relaxation skills -Create fear hierarchy -Pair relaxation with the feared objects or situations

answer

Systematic Desensitization

question

An actual confrontation with one's feared object or situation

answer

In vivo desensitization

question

An imaginary confrontation with one's feared object or situation

answer

Covert desensitization

question

Treatment for specific phobias; Forced, non-gradual exposure to one's feared object

answer

Flooding

question

Treatment for specific phobia; Therapist confronts the feared object while the fearful person observes

answer

Modeling

question

The key to success is _________________ with the feared object or situation

answer

actual contact

question

Fear of being in public places or situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, should they experience panic or become incapacitated

answer

Agoraphobia

question

(Diagnostic/Criteria) __________________ 1. Pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated fear about being in at least 2 of the following situations: Public transportation (auto or plane travel), parking lots, bridges, or other open spaces, shops, theaters, or other confined places, lines or crowds, and being away from home unaccompanied. 2. Fear of such agoraphobic situations derives from a concern that it would be hard to escape or get help if panic, embarrassment, or disabling symptoms were to occur. 3. Avoidance of the agoraphobic situations. 4. Symptoms usually continue for at least 6 months. 5. Significant distress or impairment.

answer

Agoraphobia

question

Many people with agoraphobia experience extreme and sudden explosions of fear, called _______________ . Such individuals may receive two diagnoses—agoraphobia and _________________ .

answer

panic attacks panic disorder

question

Treatment for agoraphobia include exposure therapy, support groups, and home based self-help. (READ)

answer

Treatment for agoraphobia include exposure therapy, support groups, and home based self-help.

question

(Diagnostic/Criteria) _______________________ 1. Pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated anxiety about social situation(s) in which the individual could be exposed to possible scrutiny by others, typically lasting 6 months or more. 2. Fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others. 3. Exposure to the social situation almost always produces anxiety. 4. Avoidance of feared situations. 5. Significant distress or impairment.

answer

Social Anxiety Disorder

question

- Marked, disproportionate, and persistent fears about one or more social situations - May be narrow - talking, performing, eating, or writing in public - May be broad - general fear of functioning poorly in front of others - In both forms, people rate themselves as performing less competently than they actually do

answer

Social Anxiety Disorder

question

Cognitive theorists hold that, because of these beliefs that they are socially incompetent, people with social anxiety disorder keep anticipating that social disasters will occur, and they repeatedly perform "avoidance" and "safety" behaviors to help prevent or reduce such disasters (READ)

answer

Cognitive theorists hold that, because of these beliefs that they are socially incompetent, people with social anxiety disorder keep anticipating that social disasters will occur, and they repeatedly perform "avoidance" and "safety" behaviors to help prevent or reduce such disasters (READ)

question

Two components must be addressed for treatment of social anxiety disorders:

answer

-Overwhelming social fear (address fears behaviorally with exposure) -Lack of social skills (social skills and assertiveness training have proved successful)

question

Another treatment for Social Anxiety disorder is ___________________ , a combination of several behavioral techniques to help people improve their social functioning

answer

social skills training

question

Unlike specific phobias, social anxiety disorders are often reduced through ____________ .

answer

medication (particularly antidepressants)

question

In recent years, researchers have learned that __________ and ______________ use can also produce more common forms of anxiety, including social and generalized anxiety

answer

computer mobile device (cell phone)

question

Surveys suggest that more than ____________ of Facebook users develop a fear that others will post or use information or photos of them without their permission ___________ of all users feel a constant pressure to disclose too much personal information on their social networks, and a number feel intense pressure to post material that will be popular and get numerous comments and "likes."

answer

one-third one-fourth

question

____________________ (Diagnostic/Criteria) - Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly - One or more of the attacks precedes either of the following symptoms: A. At least a month of continual concern about having additional attacks B. At least a month of dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks.

answer

Panic Disorder

question

__________ , an extreme anxiety reaction, can result when a real threat suddenly emerges

answer

panic

question

________________ are periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak, and pass; happen without a present threat. Sufferers often fear they will die, go crazy, or lose control

answer

panic attacks

question

Panic Disorder Demographics Women are twice as likely as men to be affected Poor people are 50% more likely than wealthier people to experience these disorders The prevalence is the same across cultural and racial groups in the U.S. and seems to occur in cultures across the world Approximately 35% of those with panic disorder are in treatment (READ)

answer

Panic Disorder Demographics Women are twice as likely as men to be affected Poor people are 50% more likely than wealthier people to experience these disorders The prevalence is the same across cultural and racial groups in the U.S. and seems to occur in cultures across the world Approximately 35% of those with panic disorder are in treatment

question

More than ______________ of all people have one or more panic attacks at some point in their lives.

answer

one-quarter

question

Sufferers of panic disorder may experience dysfunctional changes in thinking and behavior as a result of the attacks. (READ)

answer

Sufferers of panic disorder may experience dysfunctional changes in thinking and behavior as a result of the attacks.

question

Panic Disorder is often (but not always) associated with _____________ .

answer

agoraphobia

question

___________________ are effective at preventing or reducing panic attacks (treat panic disorder).

answer

antidepressants (some benzodiazepines have also proved useful)

question

What Biological Factors Contribute To Panic Disorder? (neurotransmitter)

answer

Norepinephrine

question

Research suggests that panic reactions are related to changes in norepinephrine activity in the ______________ . But research nowadays suggest that the ___________ as the more complex root of the problem.

answer

locus ceruleus amygdala

question

______________ theorists recognize that biological factors are only part of the cause of panic attacks. In their view, full panic reactions are experienced only by people who ____________________ .

answer

Cognitive misinterpret bodily events

question

________________ therapy tries to correct people's misinterpretations of their bodily sensations related to panic disorder.

answer

Cognitive

question

_____ percent of all people in the U.S. suffer from panic disorder in a given year; more than ____ percent develop it at some point in their lives.

answer

2.4 5

question

Cognitive therapy also uses ________________ procedures to induce panic sensations. -Induce physical sensations, which cause feelings of panic: Jump up and down, Run up a flight of steps. Practice coping strategies and making more accurate interpretations

answer

biological challenge

question

Cognitive treatments often help people with panic disorder Around _____ of treated patients are panic-free for two years compared with _____ of control subjects

answer

80% 13%

question

Panic prone individuals generally have a high degree of ______________ , that is, they focus on their bodily sensations much of the time, are unable to assess them logically, and interpret them as potentially harmful.

answer

anxiety sensitivity

question

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder is composed of two components: (2)

answer

obsession and compulsion

question

Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade a person's consciousness

answer

Obsessions

question

Repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety.

answer

Compulsions

question

Diagnosis of OCD is called for when symptoms: Feel excessive or unreasonable -Cause great distress -Take up much time -Interfere with daily functions (READ)

answer

Diagnosis of OCD is called for when symptoms: Feel excessive or unreasonable -Cause great distress -Take up much time -Interfere with daily functions (READ)

question

_________________ (Diagnostic/Critereia) 1. Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both. 2. The obsessions or compulsions take up considerable time. 3. Significant distress or impairment.

answer

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

question

OCD is classified as an anxiety disorder because _____________ cause anxiety, while _____________ are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety. Anxiety rises either are resisted.

answer

obsessions compulsions

question

Between ___ and ____ of U.S. population suffer from OCD in a given year; as many as ____ over a lifetime. It is equally common in men and women and among different racial and ethnic groups. It is estimated that more than _____ of those with OCD seek treatment

answer

1% 2% 3% 40%

question

Thoughts that feel both intrusive and foreign; attempts to ignore or resist them trigger anxiety

answer

obsessions

question

Obsessions have common themes: -Dirt/contamination -Violence and aggression -Orderliness -Religion -Sexuality (READ)

answer

Obsessions have common themes: -Dirt/contamination -Violence and aggression -Orderliness -Religion -Sexuality (READ)

question

"Voluntary" behaviors or mental acts; Feel mandatory/unstoppable

answer

Compulsions

question

Most OCD people recognize that their behaviors are unreasonable. Believe, though, that something terrible will occur if they do not perform the compulsive acts. Performing behaviors reduces anxiety for a short time (READ)

answer

Most OCD people recognize that their behaviors are unreasonable. Believe, though, that something terrible will occur if they do not perform the compulsive acts. Performing behaviors reduces anxiety for a short time (READ)

question

Common forms of compulsions include: Cleaning Checking Order or balance Touching, verbal, and/or counting (READ)

answer

Common forms of compulsions include: Cleaning Checking Order or balance Touching, verbal, and/or counting (READ)

question

___________ acts often occur in response to ___________ thoughts; Compulsions seem to represent a yielding to obsessions; Compulsions also sometimes serve to help control obsessions

answer

compulsive obsessive

question

Anxiety disorders develop when children come to fear their ____ impulses and use _____ defense mechanisms to lessen their anxiety. OCD differs from other anxiety disorders in that the "battle" is _______________ ; it is played out in overt thoughts and actions

answer

id (obsessions) ego (compulsions) not unconcious

question

Psychodynamic perspective of OCD Three ego defense mechanisms are common: __________ : Disown disturbing thoughts ____________ : Perform acts to "cancel out" thoughts _________________ : Take on lifestyle in contrast to unacceptable impulses

answer

isolation undoing reaction formation

question

Freud believed that OCD was related to the anal stage of development (READ)

answer

Freud believed that OCD was related to the anal stage of development (READ)

question

Psychodynamic therapies for OCD -Goals are to uncover and overcome underlying conflicts and defenses -Main techniques are free association and interpretation (READ)

answer

Psychodynamic therapies for OCD -Goals are to uncover and overcome underlying conflicts and defenses -Main techniques are free association and interpretation (READ)

question

OCD: ______________ Perspective In a fearful situation, they happen to perform a particular act (washing hands) When the threat lifts, they associate the improvement with the random act

answer

Behavioral

question

Clients are repeatedly exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli and are told to resist performing the compulsions.

answer

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) (behavioral therapy)

question

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) Between 55 and 85 percent of clients have been found to improve considerably with ERP, and improvements often continue indefinitely However, as many as 25% fail to improve at all, and the approach is of limited help to those with obsessions but no compulsions (READ)

answer

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) Between 55 and 85 percent of clients have been found to improve considerably with ERP, and improvements often continue indefinitely However, as many as 25% fail to improve at all, and the approach is of limited help to those with obsessions but no compulsions (READ)

question

_______________ theorists begin by pointing out that everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts. People with OCD blame themselves for normal (although repetitive and intrusive) thoughts and expect that terrible things will happen as a result.

answer

Cognitive

question

Cognitive Perspective People with OCD tend to: -Be more depressed than others -Have exceptionally high standards of conduct and morality -Believe thoughts are equal to actions and are capable of bringing harm -Believe that they can, and should, have perfect control over their thoughts and behaviors (READ)

answer

Cognitive Perspective People with OCD tend to: -Be more depressed than others -Have exceptionally high standards of conduct and morality -Believe thoughts are equal to actions and are capable of bringing harm -Believe that they can, and should, have perfect control over their thoughts and behaviors (READ)

question

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) -Research suggests that a combination of the cognitive and behavioral models is often more effective than either intervention alone -These treatments typically include psychoeducation as well as exposure and response prevention exercises (READ)

answer

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) -Research suggests that a combination of the cognitive and behavioral models is often more effective than either intervention alone -These treatments typically include psychoeducation as well as exposure and response prevention exercises (READ)

question

Family pedigree studies provided the earliest clues that OCD may be linked in part to ___________ factors Studies of twins found a 53% concordance rate in identical twins, versus 23% in fraternal twins

answer

biological

question

OCD: Biological Perspective Two new lines of research have provided for biological proof of OCD causes: (2)

answer

-abnormal serotonin levels -abnormal brain structure and functioning

question

Abnormal serotonin activity in OCD Evidence that serotonin-based antidepressants _______ OCD symptoms; recent studies have suggested other neurotransmitters also may play important roles

answer

reduce

question

OCD linked to ____________ and _________________ -These two compose brain circuit that converts sensory information into thoughts and actions -Either area may be too active, letting through troublesome thoughts and actions (READ)

answer

orbitofrontal cortex caudate nuclei

question

_____________ (with other neurotransmitters) plays a key role in the operation of the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei. Abnormal neurotransmitter activity could be contributing to the improper functioning of the circuit. (DONT UNSTAR)

answer

serotonin

question

Biological Therapies include: __________________ (Clomipramine (Anafranil), fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox). Bring improvement to 50-80% of those with OCD. Relapse occurs if medication is stopped). Research shows that combination therapy may be MOST effective ((medication + _____________________ therapy approaches)

answer

Serotonin-based antidepressants Cognitive-Behavioral

question

DSM-5 has created the group name obsessive-compulsive-related disorders and assigned four of these patterns to that group: Hoarding disorder Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) Excoriation (skinpicking) disorder Body dysmorphic disorder (READ)

answer

DSM-5 has created the group name obsessive-compulsive-related disorders and assigned four of these patterns to that group: Hoarding disorder Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) Excoriation (skinpicking) disorder Body dysmorphic disorder (READ)

question

___________________ (Diagnostic/Criteria) 1. Persons are repeatedly unable to give up or throw out their possessions (feel need to save them) 2. Persons accumulate an extraordinary number of possessions that severely clutter and crowd their homes 3. Significant distress or impairment.

answer

Hoarding Disorder

question

_______________________ (Diagnostic/Criteria) 1. Individuals repeatedly pull out their hair 2. Despite attempts to stop, individuals are unable to stop this practice. 3. Significant distress or impairment

answer

Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)

question

___________________________ (Diagnostic/Criteria) 1. Persons are preoccupied with having defects or flaws in their appearance that seem at most trivial to others 2. In response to their concerns, the persons repeatedly perform certain behaviors or mental acts 3. Significant distress or impairment

answer

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

question

People with _______________ keep picking at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds.

answer

excoriation (skin-picking) disorder

Abnormal Psychology Ch. 5 (Test 2) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards