Abnormal Psychologyology Terms – Flashcards
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Psychological Abnormality/ Normality
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There is no single definition.
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Psychological Disorder
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Psychological Dysfunction Distress or Impairment Atypical Response
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Psychological Dysfunction
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Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
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Personal Distress
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Difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles. Impairment is set in the context of a person's background.
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Atypical (not culturally expected response)
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Reaction is outside cultural norms.
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Accepted Definition
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Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)
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Contains diagnostic criteria.
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The Field of Psychopathology
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The scientific study of psychological disorders.
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The Ph.D.
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Clinical and counseling psychologist. Cannot prescribe medication.
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The Psy.D
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Clinical and counseling "Doctor of Psychology"
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The Ed.D
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Clinical and counseling "Doctor of Education" Academics educate others.
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M.D.
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Psychiatrist. Medical Doctor. Can prescribe medication.
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Masters Degree
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Psychiatric social worker.
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Own Degree
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Psychiatric nurse
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Masters in social work
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Family Therapist
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Scientist-Practitioner
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Stays current with research in field. Evaluates own assessment and treatment. Conducts research.
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Consumer of Science
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Enhancing the practice. (Mental health professional)
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Evaluator of Science
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Determining the effectiveness of the practice.
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Creator of Science
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Conducting research that leads to new procedures useful in practice.
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Studying Psychological Disorders
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Clinical Description Causation (etiology) Treatment and Outcome
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Clinical Description
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Begins with the presenting problem. Description aims to: Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience. Describe prevalence and incidence of disorders.
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Prevalence
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How many people of a population have this disorder.
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Acute Vs. Onset (Describe onset of disorders)
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Occurs all at once. Takes longer to appear.
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Episodic, time limited or chronic course. (Describe course of disorders)
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Show up for awhile then go away then come back. Appears then lifts and doesn't return. Shows up then never goes away.
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Prognosis
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Good Vs. Guarded Has disorder that's treatable more time-limited. Chronic and difficult to treat.
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Etiology
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What contributes to the development of the psychopathology.
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Treatment Development
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How can we help alleviate psychological suffering? Includes pharmacological (meds), psycho-social (talk therapies) and/or combined treatments (meds and therapy)
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Treatment Outcome Research
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How do we know that we have helped? Limited in specifying actual causes of disorder.
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Historical Conceptions
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Major psychological disorders have existed in all cultures and across all time periods.
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Historical Conceptions
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Causes and treatment of abnormal behavior vary widely across cultures, time periods, world views.
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Three dominant Traditions
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Supernatural = non human forces Biological = brain, neural pathways, meds. Psychological = What leads to disorders and how should we treat them.
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Diagnostic Classification
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Classification is central to all sciences. Assignment to categories based on shared attributes or relations.
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Idiographic Strategy
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What is unique about an individual's personality, cultural background, or circumstances.
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Nomotheitc Strategy
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Identifying a specific psychological disorder, to make a diagnosis.
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Taxonomy (Classification System)
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Classification in a scientific context.
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Nosology (Classification System)
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Taxonomy in psychological/medical phenomena.
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Nomenclature (Classification System)
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Nosological labels (e.g. panic disorder) Inside nosology ex. Depression, Anxiety
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Issues with Classifying and Diagnosing
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Classical (or pure) categorical approach - Strict categories. Either belong or you don't. (black and white) Dimensional Approach - Classification along dimensions. More or less of a disorder/trait. Prototypical Approach - Combines classical and dimensional views. Depression is x,y, and z how well does this belong to prototype.
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Widely used Classification (Issues with C and D)
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ICD-10 International classification of diseases (ICD-10) Published by the world health organization (WHO) DSM-II and DSM-IIIR Used before 1980 DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Used until 2013 DSM-V Current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders.
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Basic Characteristics of the DSM-IV-TR
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Five axes - full clinical presentation Clear inclusion and exclusion criteria for disorders. (less vague) Disorders are categorized under broad headings. Empirically - grounded, prototypical approach to classification.
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The DSM-5 Organizational Changes
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Multi-Axial system = 1. Diagnosis description 4. Noted Facts 5. Intensity mild modern severe chronic Division into Three Main Sections
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Cross - Cultural Dimensional Scales (The DSM-5)
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Not specific to any one disorder. Add-ons to all disorders.
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(The DSM-5)
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New Disorders added. Changes in the Diagnostic Categories.
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Criticisms of the DSM-5
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The problem of co-morbidity - Defined as two or more disorders for the same person. High co-morbidity is the rule, clinically. Threatens the validity of seperate diagnoses. Labeling issues and stigmatization DSM-V-TR
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Clinical assessment and diagnosis
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Aims to fully understand the client. Aids in understanding and ameliorating human suffering. Based on reliable,valid, and standardized information.
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Dangers of Diagnosis
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Reification and stigmatization.
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Clinical Assessment and diagnosis
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The core of abnormal psychology. A multidimensional perspective. (use things from other fields)
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Three dominant traditions
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Supernatural (moon and the stars) Biological (disease, CNS) Psychological (explanations, learning history)
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Deviant behavior as a battle of Good Vs. Evil (ST)
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Caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery. Treatments included exorcism, torture, beatings, crude surgeries.
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King Charles VI of France (ST)
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What would happen to people who were "possessed". He wasn't very sane. Thought he was made of glass. Was told to relax move out to the country. Did seemed to help until his Doctor died and king's condition worsened. New doctor started using sorcery to try and heal him. It didn't help.
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Mass Hysteria (ST)
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Saint Vitus's Dance and Tarantism is an example.
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Modern Mass Hysteria (ST)
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Emotion Contagion. Change happens to a group at once. Mob Psychology - 14 year old girl complained about a vent in school making her feel sick. After that 21 more people suffered the same sickness are her. They couldn't diagnosis it and it appears to be an example of emotion contagion.
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The Moon and Stars (supernatural Tradition)
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Paracelsus and lunancy - Swiss Phacision to predict mood/behavior.
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Hippocrates (person) - Abnormal behavior as a physical disease. (BT)
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Hysteria "the wandering uterus" - symptoms without physical cause that only appeared in women.
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Galen extends Hippocrates' work (BT)
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Humoral theory of mental illness. 4 humors of the body that made up personality. 1. Blood - Cheerfulness - if you had to much blood it could cause insomnia 2. Black Vile - Depression 3. Phlem - Apathy. If too much it could lead to sluggishness. 4. Yellow Vile - Hot tempered. Treatments remained crude.
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Galenic - Hippocratic Tradition (BT)
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Linked abnormality with brain chemical imbalances. Foreshadowed modern views.
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General Paresis (syphilis) and the biological link with madness (the 19th century)
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Several unusual psychological and behavioral symptoms. Pasteur discovered the cause - a bacterial microorganism. Led to penicillin as a successful treatment. Bolstered the view that mental illness = physical illness.
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John P. Grey and the reformers. (the 19th century)
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Championed biological tradition in the U.S. Insanity was always physical therefore was treated that way. Enough of these crazy treatments. People with mental illnesses went to the hospitals and was good until they became over - crowded and lead to homelessness.
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Consequences of the Biological Tradition
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Mental Illness = Physical Illness Emil Kraeplin diagnosis and classification of disorders. 1930's electro compulsive treatment meds had side effects limits and negative side effects of meds.
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The Rise of Moral Therapy (PT)
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More humane treatments of institutionalized patients. Encouraged and reinforced social interaction. Treat them as normal people not punishment and isolation.
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Proponents of Moral Therapy (PT)
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Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin Tuke - followed Pinel's lead in England. Benjamin Rush - led reforms in U.S. Dix - mental hygiene movement = increased the public's awareness of the hygiene.
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Asylum reform and the decline of moral therapy
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Hospitals became over-crowded and were taking care of the basic needs only and neglecting the social needs. Emergence of competing alternative psychological models.
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Freudian theory of the structure and function of the mind. - unconscious -catharsis -psychoanalytic model
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Freudian Theory of personality
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Id the pleasure principle; illogical, emotional, irrational. Ego the reality principle; logical, and rational. Keeps the Id and the superego in balance. Superego moral principles; conscience
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Defense Mechanisms for Freudian Theory
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Ego loses the battle with the Id and superego. -Displacement and Denial -Rationalization and Reaction Formation -Projection, Repression, and Sublimation.
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Psychosexual Stages of Development (Freud)
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Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. Freud believed they go through these stages. They have to over come the phallic stage and unit and learn from their same sex parent.
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The Neo-Freudians: Departures from Freudian thought
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De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud's theory. (Students of Freud. Think humans tend to be good while Freud believes humans are bad and evil. -Jung - collective unconscious (dreams) -Adler - Inferiority complex. Feel inferior so work to feel superior. -Erickson - Life long development. Continually growing and changing.
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Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: The talking cure
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Unearth the hidden inner-psychic conflicts (The real problems) Therapy is often long term. Examine transference and counter transference issues. Psycho-dynamic psychotherapy -Little evidence for efficiency.
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Techniques for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
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Free association "say what comes to mind" Dream analysis where the therapist tries to analysize the patients dreams.
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Humanistic Theory
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Major Players -Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Major Themes -People are basically good. -Humans strive toward self-actualization. (The pyramid of basic needs. Go up the pyramid to get to self-actualization) Person - centered therapy -Therapist conveys empathy and unconditional positive regard. -Minimal therapist interpretation. No strong evidence that humanistic therapies work.
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The Behavioral Model
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Derived from a scientific approach to the study of psychotherapy. Classical conditioning (Pavlov:Watson) -Ubiquitous form of learning. It is found everywhere. -Contingency between neutral and unconditioned stimuli =CR Conditioning was extended to the acquisition of fear - explained phobias.
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The Beginnings of Behavioral Therapy
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Challenged psycho analysis and non - scientific approaches. Early pioneers -Joseph Wolpe - systematic desensitization. Operant Conditioning (Thorndike;Skinner) -Law of effect = strengthened or weakened. -Reinforcement -Another ubiquitous form of learning. -Voluntary behavior is controlled by consequences. -Started looking into shaping. Learning traditions influenced the development of behavior therapy. -Behavior therapy tends to be the time-limited and direct. -Strong evidence supporting the efficacy of behavioral therapies. Observable and measurable evidence.
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Psychotherapy is multiply determined
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Undimensional accounts of psychopathology are incomplete. Two developments that changed how we approach psychopathology. 1. Scientific methodology 2. No influence occurs in isolation. Must consider reciprocal relations among: -Biological, psychological, social, and experimental factors. Defining abnormal behavior -Complex, multifaceted, has evolved. The Supernatural Tradition -Has no place in a science of abnormal behavior.
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One dimensional Model
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Explain behavior in terms of a single cause. Could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach. Tend to ignore info from other areas.
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Multidimensional Model
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Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and intergrative. System of influences that cause and maintain suffering. Draw upon information from several sources. Abnormal behavior results from multiple influences.
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Major Influences on the Multidimensional Model of AB
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Biological Behavioral Emotional Social and Cultural Developmental
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Phenotype Vs. Genotype
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Nature of genes -23 pairs of chromosomes -DNA the double helix -Dominant vs. recessive genes -Developmental and behavior is often polygenetic - no one gene for behavior. Genetic contribution to psychopathology -Less than 50% Even if both parents have the psychological disorder.
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Genotype
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Carries the genetic information.
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Phenotype
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Carries the expression.
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Define/describe: Equifinality Neurotransmitter Divisions of the nervous system Genotype/phenotype Diathesis-stress model Clinical interview Mental status exam Behavioral assessment Chronic/episodic/time limited Acute/insidious Signs/symptoms Syndrome Comorbidity DSM 5 (major changes since DSM IV) Multidimensional/integrative approach to psychopathology Spiritual tradition Humors Moral psychology Shaping Learned helplessness (Un)conditioned stimulus/response ABC's of behavior Positive/negative punishment/reinforcement Hypnosis Catharsis Agonist/antagonist Reliability (all types) Validity (all types) Statistical/clinical significance Projective/objective tests Independent/dependent variables Correlation People to know: Dorothea Dix Thorndike Skinner Hippocrates Galen Anna O. Breuer Bandura Know the function of: Major neurotransmitters discussed in lecture Neurons Cerebral cortex Left and right hemispheres Brainstem
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Equifinality
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