question

Abnormal Behavior

answer

application of psychological science to the study of mental disorder.

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Psychopathology

answer

pathology of the mind

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DSM-5

answer

defines mental disorders associated with (any or all)

question

Epidemiology

answer

study of frequency and distribution of disorders within a population.

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Incidence

answer

number of new cases of a disorder that appears in a population during a specific period of time.

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Comorbidity

answer

Presence of more than one condition within the same period of time.

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Clinical Psychologists

answer

Complete Ph.D or Psy.D and are trained in assessment, psychotherapy, and applying scientific principles to the of abnormal behavior.

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Psychiatrists

answer

Physicians who specialize in treating mental disorders often prescribe medications.

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Social Worker

answer

M.S.W and are committed to the action that may be socially based or individually based.

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Counselor

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Provide individual and family psychotherapy

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Etiology

answer

The case or manner of causation of a disease or condition

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Biopsychosocial Model

answer

Integrates evidence from across biological, psychological and social dimensions of behavior.

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Biochemical Paradigm

answer

Looks for biological abnormalities that cause behavior

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Psychodynamic Paradigm

answer

Asserts abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious mental conflicts that have roots in early childhood experiences.

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Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm

answer

Views abnormal behavior as a product of learning

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Humanistic Paradigm

answer

Opposes the biological, psychoanalytic, and behavioral explanations, emphasizes free will, views human nature as inherently good.

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Diathesis-stress model

answer

A predisposition toward developing a disorder

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Correlation vs. Experiment

answer

Correlation- measure of how closely two variables are associated. Experiment- procedure to make a discovery, or demonstrate a known fact

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Psychotherapy

answer

The use of psychological techniques and the therapist-client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavior change.

question

Evidence-based Treatments

answer

Practical and scientific approach to therapy

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Biological Treatments

answer

Often alleviate symptoms rather than cure disorders

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Psychoanalysis

answer

A systematic structure of theories concerning the relation of conscious and unconscious psychological processes.

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Cognitive Behavior Therapy

answer

Short-term, goal oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands on, practical approach to problem solving.

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Dialectic Behavioral Therapy

answer

Emphasizes mindfulness; increased awareness of feelings, thoughts and motivations

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Humanistic Therapy

answer

Developed as an alternative to psychodynamic and behavioral approaches

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Classification

answer

Used to subdivide or organize a set of objects

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Diagnosis

answer

Identification or recognition of a disorder on the basis of its characteristics

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Limitations of the Classification System

answer

- Many disorders appear dimensional - Existing threshold are too vague

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Clinical Assessment

answer

Collecting and interpreting information that will be used to understanding another person

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Projective Personality Tests

answer

Person is presented with ambitious stimuli and asked to generate a response

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Rorschach Test

answer

Consists of a series of 10 Ink blots used to access personality characteristics and psychopathology

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Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)

answer

Consists of a series of drawings that depict human figures in various ambiguous situations.

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Brain Imaging Techniques

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Examining the brain through x-ray procedures

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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

answer

Provides cleaver images; which can be transformed into 3D

question

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

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Highlights brain functioning as its occurring

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CT (Computed Tomography)

answer

Can provide a static image of specific brain structures

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PET (Position Emission Tomography Scanning)

answer

Provides detailed images of the brain and reflects changes in activity of the brain

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Clinical Depression

answer

Depressed mood accompanied by other symptoms such as loss of energy, pleasure, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite

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Mania

answer

Flip side of depression

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Major Depressive Disorder

answer

Experience of a depressive episode

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Bipolar Disorder

answer

Episodes of depression and mania

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Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

answer

Chronic state of depression; the symptoms are the same as those of major depression but they are less severe

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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

answer

Changes in sleep, appetite, libido sadness, despair, anxiety, tension

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Bipolar I

answer

At least one manic episode (one week)

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Bipolar II

answer

At least one hypomanic episode, no full blown manic episode (4 days and does not disturb functioning)

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Cyclothymia

answer

Bipolar equivalent dysthymia (2 years)

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Cognitive Therapy

answer

Focus on recognizing, challenging and overcoming cognitive distributions and errors in logic

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Interpersonal Therapy

answer

Focuses on interpersonal factors in current relationships that cause and maintain depression

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5 Medications

answer

- SSRIs - Tricyclics - MAO-I inhibitors - Lithium - Anticonvulsants

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SSRIs (Selective Seretonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

answer

Inhibit the reuptake of serotonin without affecting other neurotransmitters

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Tricyclics

answer

Blocks the uptake of neurotransmitters from the synapse

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MAO-I inhibitors (Monoaime Oxidase Inhibitors)

answer

Not widely used because of the dietary restrictions; used for anxiety

question

Lithium

answer

Very effective for treating bipolar patients in a manic or depressive phase

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Anticonvulsants

answer

Used to treat rapid cycling; 50% of bipolar patients respond positively

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Seasonal Affective Disorder

answer

A mood disorder in which the onset of episodes is associated with changes in season

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Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

answer

Are preoccupied with, and/or persistently avoidant of thoughts or situations that provoke fear or anxiety

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Anxiety

answer

A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome

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Panic Attack (cued, unexpected)

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cued: expected or occurring online in the presence of a particular stimulus unexpected: appear without warning or expectation; as if "out of the blue"

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Specific Phobia

answer

Fear of specific objects or situations

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Social Anxiety Disorder

answer

Performance and interactions in social situations are the focus of fear

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Agoraphobia

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Fear of heights

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of distinct events or activities that are over a period of time of at least 6 months

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Panic Disorder

answer

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks; followed by a period of one month or more which makes patients have problems related to the attack such as worry, anxiety and avoidance

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Systematic Desensitization

answer

Purpose of treating anxiety disorders, especially phobias

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Situational Exposure

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Repeatedly confronting previously avoided situations

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Interceptive Exposure

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Actions that induce the physical sensations that occur in the actual panic attacks

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Medication (Anxiety)

answer

Most frequently used types of minor tranquilizers

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Benzodiazepines

answer

Reduce vigilance and somatic symptoms; less effective for worry and rumination; effective for GAD and social phobias; but not for specific phobias

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

answer

Recognition that the obsessions and compulsions are excessive and reasonable; ignores suppress or neutralize the unwanted thoughts or impulses

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Obsessions

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Repetitive, unwarranted intrusive cognitive events in the form of thoughts, images or urges and involve something socially unacceptable or horrific

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Compulsions

answer

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts done to reduce energy

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Response-Prevention

answer

Uses prolonged exposure to the situation that increases a persons anxiety while preventing a compulsive response; most effective treatment

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Dissociation

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Disruption of the normally integrated mental processes involved in memory, consciousness, identity or perception

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Traumatic Stress

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Involves actually or threatened death or serious injury to self or others and creates intense feelings of fear, helplessness or horror

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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

answer

Re-experiencing avoidance and arousal; PTSD is either long lasting or has a delayed onset

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Dissociative Symptoms

answer

Feeling daze, out of touch with reality, not integrating an experience or set of experiences

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Treatment for PTSD

answer

- Group counseling/individual counseling - (CISD) Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: 1-5hrs group meetings; share personal experiences

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

answer

Hypothesized to be related to past trauma (Chronic, physical and sexual abuse)

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Depersonalization/derealization disorder

answer

Persistent and severe feelings of being detached from one self or social/physical environment

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Treatment for Dissociative Disorders

answer

Involves uncovering and expressing past traumas

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Somatic Symptoms Disorder

answer

At least one severe somatic symptom complaint accompanied by excessive sorry about symptoms

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Conversion Disorder

answer

Psychological conflicts are converted into physical symptoms, often mimicking those found in neurological diseases or disorders (ex. hysterical blindness)

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Illness Anxiety Disorder

answer

Persistent, intense and disturbing fear or belief that one is suffering from a physical illness

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder

answer

Preoccupation with an imaged defect in a physical appearance; focuses on facial features such as nose and mouth

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Malingering

answer

Pretending to have a disorder to achieve a tangible benefit

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Factitious Disorder imposed on self

answer

Occurs as an individual imposes deceptive practices designed to produce signs of illness on self

question

Factitious Disorder imposed on other

answer

Occurs as an individual produces physical symptoms on another (normally mother imposing on child)

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Treatment of somatic symptom disorders

answer

- Operant approaches to chronic pain - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Stress

answer

Any challenging event that requires physiological, cognitive, or behavioral adaptation

question

Fight or Flight

answer

A maladaptive reaction to much stress in the modern world

question

Tend or Befriend

answer

Response to threat

question

Problem Focused Coping

answer

Involves attempt to alter internal distress

question

Emotion Focused Coping

answer

Attempt to alter internal distress

question

Health Behavior

answer

Any action that promotes good health

question

Illness Behavior

answer

Increased stress is correlated with such illness behaviors as more frequent visits to physicians

question

Personality Disorder

answer

Emphasizes on the duration of the problem of the pattern and the social impairment associated with the traits

question

Cluster A (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal)

answer

- Paranoid: inappropriate suspiciousness of others motives - Schizoid: persuasive pattern of indifference to others - Schizotypal: peculiar patterns of behavior

question

Cluster B (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic)

answer

- Antisocial: disregard for; or violations of others rights - Borderline: instability in mood and interpersonal relationships - Histrionic: self-centered, demanding, vain, dramatic - Narcissistic: unable to emphasize with others

question

Cluster C (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive)

answer

- Avoidant: tendency towards social isolation, desire to be liked - Dependent: persuasive pattern of submissive and clinginess - Obsessive-complusive: set overly ambitious; unobtainable for their performance

question

Treatment for Personality Disorders

answer

Generally ineffective; yet behavior therapy approaches can change behaviors

question

Anorexia

answer

Starves themsleves; NEVER happy with their weight

question

Bulimia

answer

Eating followed by vomiting, laxatives, or excessive exercise

question

Binge-Eating Disorder

answer

Eating a greater amount of food without purging behavior

question

Treatment for eating disorders

answer

- Bulimia: cognitive behavior therapy; reduces binge-eating and purging - Anorexia: Maudsley Method; parents take over child's eating for awhile

question

Substance use

answer

Related to the continuous use of drugs despite the distress they cause

question

Substance intoxication

answer

Potentially maladaptive and impairing; but reversible and associated with recent use

question

Substance dependence

answer

Describes substance use disorders of a least moderate intensity

question

Tolerance

answer

Nervous system becomes less sensitive to the effects of alcohol or drugs

question

Withdrawal

answer

Symptoms experienced when a dependent person stops using drugs

question

Treatment for drugs

answer

Detoxification

question

Premature Ejaculation

answer

Inability to inhibit ejaculation long enough to complete sex

question

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

answer

Inability to achieve genital responses necessary for sex. Sexual desire is present; physiological responses are inhibited

question

Gender Dysphoria

answer

Sense of discomfort with ones sex

question

Exhibitionisitc Disorder

answer

Usually men exposing themselves in public and getting aroused from peoples reactions

question

Voyeuristic Disorder

answer

Watching people engaging in sex

question

Frotteurisitic Disorder

answer

Becoming sexually aroused by rubbing your genitals against non consenting people

question

Transvestic Disorder

answer

Heterosexual men dressing up in women's clothes when having sexual intercourse

question

Male Erectile Disorder

answer

Cant get it up

question

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

answer

Sexual desire is the persons willingness to approach or engage in those experiences that will lead to sexual arousal

question

Paraphilic Disorder

answer

Sexual Arousal by inappropriate behavior

question

Delayed Ejaculation (Male Orgasmic Disorder)

answer

Characterized by a marked delay in ejaculation or inability to cum.

question

Treatment for Sexual Disorders

answer

Masters and Johnsons: psychosocial intervention

question

Sexual Masochism(submissive)/Sadism(dominant)

answer

Recurrent; intense sexually fantasies or impulses involving being humiliated, beaten, or made to suffer

question

Schizophrenia

answer

Deterioration of basic functions affecting individuals thoughts and perceptions

question

Positive Schizophrenia

answer

Hallucinations; delusional beliefs

question

Negative Schizophrenia

answer

Little expressed emotions don't want to do anything; depression

question

Cognitive Impairment

answer

Hard to focus and pay attention

question

Disorganized Symptoms

answer

Verbal communication problems and bizarre behavior

question

Antipsychotic Medications

answer

Reduce the severity of and sometimes eliminate psychotic symptoms

question

Atypical Antipsychotics (side effects)

answer

no more negative symptom side effects

question

Dopamine Hypothesis

answer

Focus on the function of specific dopamine pathways in the limbic area of the brain

question

Therapies

answer

- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: aims to improve cognitive capacities; working memory and social cognitive skills are targeted - Cognitive Enhancement Therapy: designed for patients who have recovered from active symptoms, but continue to exhibit cognitive disability-working memory - Social Skills Training: Improves social adjustments but may not reduce relapse rates - Assertive Community Training (ACT): reducing inpatient hospital days, its cost-effective - Family Oriented Aftercare: reduces relapse rates only ig available on an ongoing bias

question

The Field of Positive Psychology

answer

Adopts a more optimistic perspective on human potential, motives and capacities

question

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

answer

Basic needs that have to be satisfied (top->bottom) - Need for self-actualization - Esteem needs - Belongingness and love needs - Safety needs - Physiological needs

question

Self-Actualization

answer

Realization or fulfillment of ones talent and potentialities, especially as a drive or need present in everyone

question

Humanistic Psychology

answer

Emphasizes the study of the whole person

question

Disease Model of Mental Health

answer

Is the absence of mental illness

question

Human resilience

answer

Bounce back after loss

question

Connection between Money and Happiness

answer

Hedonic Treadmill

question

Drawbacks of Positive Psychology

answer

Our emotions are often mixed so we have a lot of negative and positive sides

question

Defensive Pessimism

answer

Cognitive strategy to set low expectations for upcoming performance, despite having performed well in previous similar situations

question

Learned Helplessness

answer

A condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness arising from a traumatic event or failed to succeed

question

Freuds Theory "Bad is Stronger than Good"

answer

Idea comes from research showing that it is only through negative life events that people develop the capacity for goodness and achieve health and happiness

question

Positive Self-Statments

answer

Are believed to boost mood and self-esteem, yet their effectiveness has not been demonstrated

question

Self-efficacy

answer

Ones belief in ones ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task

question

Hedonic Treadmill

answer

A well-cited study showing that people who had befallen great fortune (lottery winners) or great tragedy (recent paraplegics) find happiness

question

Happiness

answer

Feeling pleasurable or contentment

question

Intellectual Disorders

answer

IQ of 70 or below; limitations in adaptive behavior

question

Intellectual Disorder Causes

answer

- Down Syndrome: extra chromosome occurs 1 in 100 after the age 40 - PKU (Phenylketonuria): recessive gene pairing which occurs 1 out of 15,000 births - Fragile X syndrome: weakening or break on one arm of the "x" chromosome occurs 1 out of 4000 males/ 1 out of 6000 females - Fetal Alcohol Syndom: can produce mild intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

question

Amniocentesis

answer

Used prenatally to identify syndromes associated with intellectual disability

question

IQ scores (mean/standard deviation)

answer

- Mean: 100 - Standard Deviation: 15

question

Heritability ration- reaction range

answer

GENETICS determine the range of INTELLIGENCE and that ENVIRONMENT determines where in that range and INDIVIDUAL FALLS

question

Normalization

answer

Facilitating integration into social activities

question

Normal Distribution

answer

Traits are distributed throughout a population

question

Mainstreaming

answer

Keeping children in regular classrooms when possible and keeping them out of institutional care

question

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention

answer

- Primary: good prenatal care and nutrition - Secondary: early social and educational intervention programs - Tertiary: early detection and promotion of good parent-child relationships

question

Cultural-Familial Retardation

answer

Term used for intellectual disabilities of unknown etiology

question

Stimulating and Responsive Environment

answer

Required to promote childrens intellectual and social skills throughout their development

question

Two Curve Model of Intellectual Disability

answer

Includes the normal distribution of IQ scores as well as the distribution of IQs of people with biological disorders that cause intellectual disability

question

Neurodevelopment Disorder

answer

Impairments of the brain and central nervous system

question

Applied Behavioral Analysis

answer

Effective when paired with control groups with no retirement

question

Medication for Autism

answer

Drugs; Antipsychotics to pirate agnostics

question

Aversive Procedures

answer

Address behaviors exhibited by students with disabilities

question

Risperidone Therapy

answer

Helps with behavior management; toxic to system

question

Parental Age

answer

The age of the parents when they conceive a child

question

Stereotypes Behaviors

answer

Mechanical repetition of speech or movement

question

Abnormal Reaction to Sensation

answer

Difficulty integrating information from the senses

question

Sensory Deficits

answer

Respond to auditory, tactile, or visual sensation in a highly unusual manner

question

Repeated Self- injury

answer

Constantly harming yourself

question

Theory of Mind-Sally-Anne Test

answer

Developmental psychology to measure a persons social cognitive ability to attribute false beliefs to others

question

Externalizing Disorders (most commonly diagnosed childhood disorder)

answer

Failure to control behavior according to the expectations of others

question

ADHD diagnosed in early elementary school

answer

At least some symptoms are presented before age 12

question

ADHD executive function issues

answer

Tendency to act before thinking

question

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

answer

Patterns of hostile, negativistic, and defiant behavior

question

Conduct Disorder

answer

Defined by a pattern of behavior that is illegal and antisocial

question

Causes of Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders

answer

- Externalizing: genetics and ADHD, negative attention, low self-esteem - Internalizing: genetics, focus on attachments, separation and loss

question

Four Styles of Parenting

answer

- Authoritative: loving with firm discipline (most effective) - Authoritarian: lacks warmth; harsh discipline (kids complain but most anxious) - Indulgent: affectionate; weak discipline (impulsivity and noncompliance) - Neglect: unconcerned with emotional or discipline needs (serious conduct problems)

question

Goodness-of-fit

answer

Between temperament and environ

question

Behavioral Family Therapy

answer

Teaches parents to be very clear and specific about their expectations for childrens behavior; to monitor childrens actions closely, while rewarding positive behavior and ignoring/mildy punishing misbehavior

question

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

answer

Combining family treatment with interactions in childs peer groups, school, and neighborhood appears to be effective

question

Internalizing Disorders

answer

Involves the childs internal world and are associated with subjective distress (ex. anxiety and sadness)

question

Separation Anxiety Disorder

answer

Excessive seperation fears that persist for at least 4 weeks

question

Peer Sociometric Technique

answer

Access relationship by asking children to indicate their level of liking for their peers, and children are classified according to their peers reports

question

Disruptive Mood Regulation Disorder

answer

Childhood condition of extreme irritability, anger, and frequent intense temper outbursts

question

Bipolar Disorder-Temper Dysregulation Disorder

answer

Persuasive irritable and/or sad mood and recurrent, severe anger outburst, both need to be consistently present for at least 1 year

question

Tourettes Disorder

answer

Repeated motor and vocal tics that persist for at least 1 year

question

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

answer

Repetitive, hard to control, aimless motor actively interrupts everyday life or causes self-infliction of a child

question

Selective Mutism

answer

Consistent failure to speak in a certain social situation

question

Developmental Coordination Disorder

answer

Slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills

question

Reactive Attachment Disorder

answer

Characterized by withdrawn behavior among very young children around adult givers

question

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

answer

Very young children are indiscriminate towards caregivers`

question

Enuresis

answer

Voiding of urine into ones clothing or bedding

question

Encopresis

answer

Repeated elimination of feces on or into inappropriate places such as the floor or clothing

question

Bell and Pad/Enuresis Pad

answer

Created by: Mower created a device with wires in it that are placed in the bedding on the bed and once the wires are wet from enuresis, it alarms the bell which is next to the kids head

question

Suicide in Children

answer

Tend to be impulsive, related to family conflicts and often motivated by anger

question

Treatment of internalizing Disorders

answer

- Fluoxetine alone - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - Combined medication with CBT - Placebo

question

Antidepressants

answer

Substance either natural or man-made, that is used to treat certain mental disorders, among depression, anxiety, OCD, and many others

question

Dyslexia

answer

Reading disorder

question

Dyscalculia

answer

Math disorder

question

Dysgraphia

answer

Writing disorder

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