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The 4 D's that define abnormality

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Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, & Danger

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Ancient / Stone Age Views

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Trephination Exorcism

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Greek & Roman Views (500 B.C. - 500 A.D.)

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Did not believe was a result of demons Hippocrates noted that abnormal behavior was a disease arising from internal physical problems Result primarily from imbalance of four fluids (humors)

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Humors

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Four body fluids: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm

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Europe in Middle Ages Views (500 A.D. - 1350)

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As Rome declined near 500 A.D., demonological views returned Church rejected scientific research Lots of stress and anxiety due to war, uprisings, and plague Outbreaks of "mass madness" occurred

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Tarantism

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A mass madness where people suddenly would dance, jump, and go into convulsions Treated by dancing the tarantella - caused by being bitten and possessed by a wolf spider

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Lycanthropy

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A mass madness where people believed they were possessed by wolves or other animals

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Johann Weyer

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First physician to specialize in mental illness Considered the founder of the modern study of psychopathology

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Renaissance Views (1400 - 1700)

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Science prevails again and demonology subsided again (J. Weyer) until around mid-16th century Shrines built across Europe devoted to the humane and loving treatment of people (Gheel, Belgium) Asylums began to emerge; however, quickly overflowed and become virtual prisons w/ filth conditions & cruelty (From converted hospitals & monasteries)

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Bethlehem Hospital

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Famous asylum that was so bad that patients were chained to walls and screamed

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Nineteenth Century Views (1700 - 1800)

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Mental patient treatment began to improve again La Bicetre: first site of asylum reform located in Paris Major changes to patient care w/more sympathy: Philippe Pinel & William Tuke Moral Treatment emerged

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Moral Treatment

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Treating people w/ mental dysfunction emphasizing moral guidance and humane and respectful treatments Popular in Europe and then the U.S. Was the methods of Pinel & Tuke Downfall: not all patients could be successfully treated simply by applying humanity and dignity

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Benjamin Rush

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Responsible for early spread of Moral Treatment w/in the U.S. Considered the father of American psychiatry

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Early 20th Century Views (1800 - 1900)

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Somatogenic perspective: view that abnormal psychology has physical causes Psychogenic perspective: view that the main causes are psychological instead Freud and psychoanalysis

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Methods of Collecting Data

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Case Study Correlational Method Experimental Method

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Case Study

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A detailed description of a person's life & psychological problems (history, present circumstances, & symptoms) PROS: Can be a source of new ideas about a behavior that open the door to new discoveries May offer tentative support for a theory May show the value of new therapeutic techniques May offer the opportunity to study unusual problems that do not occur often CONS: Reported by biased observers who want to see their treatments succeed Rely on subjective evidence Provide little basis for generalization

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Biological Model

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Illness brought on by malfunctioning parts of the organism - typical brain anatomy/chemistry Factors: genetics, evolution, & viruses Treatments: drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery CONS Limiting since some expect all human behavior to be explained by biology only Treatments can produce bad side effects

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Psychodynamic Model

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Behavior (normal or abnormal) is largely determined by underlying subconscious psychological forces Therefore, all behavior is determined by past experiences Freud Treatments: free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis, and working through CONS Concepts are hard to reach No way to know if these subconscious forces are actually occurring Limited research support over the years

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id

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Force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses

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Ego

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Force that employs reason & operates in accordance with the reality principal (knowing we can not always express out id impulses out right)

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Superego

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Force that represents a person's values & ideals, our conscious

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Freud's Developmental Stages

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Each stages challenges the id, ego, and superego Oral - first 18 months Anal - 18 months to 3 years Phallic - 3 years to 5 years Latency - 5 years to 12 years Genital - 12 years to adulthood

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Free Association

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Psychodynamic technique where the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind

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Therapist Interpretation

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The interpreting of resistance, transference, and/or dreams

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Resistance

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Unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

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Transference

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Redirection toward the therapist of feelings associated w/ important figures in a patient's life, now or in the past

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Catharsis

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Reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems

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Working Through

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Same issue is examined over and over in the course of many sessions

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Behavioral Model

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• Focuses on the responses an organism makes to its environment • Explanations and treatments based on principles of learning • Conditioning: classical, operant, & modeling CONS • No evidence that people w/ psych disorders are victims of improper conditioning • Improvements in the office do not always carry over to real life • Some say the model is too simplistic

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Conditioning

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• Operant: learn to behave in certain ways as a result of receiving a reward • Modeling: learn responses simply by observing other individuals and repeating their behaviors • Classical: learning occurs when two events repeatedly occur close together in time (Pavlov)

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Systematic Desensitization

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Type of classical conditioning where clients w/ phobias learn to react calmly instead of w/ intense fear to the objects or situations they dread

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Cognitive Model

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Albert Ellis & Aaron Beck Cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions (IE: assumptions, attitudes, and illogical thinking processes)

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Carol Rogers

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• Pioneer of the humanistic perspective • Developed client-centered therapy

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Diathesis-stress explaination

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Must first have a biological, psychological, or sociocultural predisposition to develop a disorder and must then be subjected to episodes of severe stress

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Idiographic

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Of a particular individual

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Reliability

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The consistency of assessment measures

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Validity

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Accurately measure what it is supposed to measure

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Projective Tests

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Clients interpret vague stimuli, such as inkblots or ambiguous pictures, or follow open-ended instructions such as "Draw a person." Famous: Rorschach test Thematic Apperception Test Sentence-Completion Tests Drawings

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Response Interviews

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Measure a person's response in one specific area of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes

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Psychophysiological Tests

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IE: polygraph

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Defense Mechanisms

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• Repression: blocking painful or dangerous thoughts • Denial: refusing to acknowledge the source of anxiety • Projection: projecting your unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other people • Rationalization: creating a socially acceptable reason for an action that reflects unacceptable motives • Displacement: Person has hostility away from dangerous object and onto a safer substitute • Intellectualization: repressing emotional reactions in favor of overly logical responses to a problem • Regression: Retreating from upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage where no one is expected to be mature or responsible

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DSM-5 Categorical VS. Dimensional

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Categorical: name of the diagnosis indicated by symptoms Has clear boundaries, little room for misinterpretation, very linear Dimensional: rating of how severe a client's symptoms are and how dysfunctional the client is across various dimensions of personality IE: Continuum - varying possibilities along dimensions

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