Abnormal Psych Exam 1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Different vs Deviant Behaviors
answer
Different: ind posessing abilities that distinguish them from the general public Deviant: Behavior straying from societal norm
question
Statistical Norm
answer
How common or rare it is in the population
question
Abnormal Psych
answer
1) Inconsistent with societal norms 2)Inconsistent with cultural norms 3)Emotional Distress 4)Inconsistent with developmental norms 5)Harmful dysfunction: interferes with daily functioning
question
Epimidiology
answer
focuses on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorder
question
Prevalance
answer
number of cases of a disorder in a given point of time
question
Point Prevalance
answer
Number of individual with a disorder at a specific period of time
question
Lifetime Prevalance
answer
Number of individuals known to have disorders at any point in their lifetime
question
Incidence
answer
number of new cases that emerge in a given population during a specified period of timw
question
Comorbidity
answer
The presence of more than one condition within the same period of time
question
Disease Burden
answer
measured by combining two factors: 1)Mortality 2)Disability
question
Clinical Psychologist
answer
perform many roles: direct clinical services, research, teaching and administrative activities
question
Psychiatry
answer
branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorder prescribe psychotropic meds
question
clinical psychology
answer
concerned with the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders
question
Social Worker
answer
concerned with helping people achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning
question
Ancient theories
answer
believed spirits controlled much of the environment inc. aspects of one behavior
question
Trepination
answer
method used to create a hole in the skull to release evil spirits
question
Classical Greek and Roman View
answer
Env. factors, physical factors, and four humor (yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegm)
question
Asylum
answer
Insane asylums established in 1600s and 1700s to separate the mentally ill from the normals
question
Case Study
answer
An in-depth look at the symptoms and circumstances surrounding one person's mental disturbance Drawback: 1)can be viewed from several different perspective 2)risky to draw general conclusions
question
Critical Thinking
answer
Basic goal in science
question
Psychopathology
answer
the scientific study of mental disorders.
question
psychosis
answer
A severe mental disorder in which thoughts and emotions are so impaired that it loses contact with reality. ex: schizophrenia
question
Syndrome
answer
A group of symptoms that usually occur together
question
DSM 1V
answer
Standard classification of disorder used in the US. Other countries use ICD
question
Cross Culture Studies
answer
Uses field data from many societies to determine the scope of human behavior and test hypotheses of human behavior
question
Etiology
answer
the cause of the disorder
question
Biopsychosocial model
answer
Disorder is rooted from many causes An approach to integrating many factors into the cause of a specific disorder which differs for everyone
question
Biological Paradigm
answer
biological abnormalities cause the disorder
question
Psychodynamic
answer
Abnormal behavior is caused by deeply rooted from childhood that conflicts within oneself
question
Freud
answer
Viewed early childhood experiences, especially relate to forbidden topics, a shaping personality & emotional health
question
Defense Mechanism
answer
1)Denial: an experience, memory that did not occur 2)Displacement: is to release pent up feeling to something/one less threatening 3)Projection:Attributing own feeling or behavior to someone else 4)Rationalization:Intellectually justifying a feeling or event 5)Reaction Formation: expressing the opposite of a feeling 6)Repression:Suppress uncomfortable feeling but without denial 7)Sublimation: converting id impulses to something more acceptable
question
Cognitive Behavior Paradigm
answer
Behavior is the product of learning. Can be changed by operant or classical conditioning
question
Humanistic Paradigm
answer
People can achieve full potential with unconditional positive regard Therapy centers around the client and what they think they think they need to do.
question
Systems Theory
answer
All the paradigms are interdependent. No one paradigm is the 'right' approach
question
Holism
answer
Assume that the whole is more than the sum of the parts
question
Reductionalism
answer
Assumes that the whole and the sum of the parts can be understood by understanding the small components
question
Causality
answer
When you examine the many causes of the disorder instead of just one specific reason
question
Equifinity
answer
There're many factors that lead to one outcome
question
Multifinity
answer
One factor could lead to many outcome
question
Diathesis-Stress Model
answer
Diathesis: A predisposition that could lead to a certain disorder. Stress:A difficult life factor
question
Reciprocal Causality
answer
The direction of causality could be both ways and could be unclear
question
Correlation
answer
identifies variable and look for the relationship between them a statistical measure of how closely related variables are
question
Experiments
answer
Establish cause and effect
question
Emotion
answer
State of arousal that is defined by subjective states of feeling that might be accompanied by psychological changes
question
affect
answer
pattern of behavior that is associated with emotion Facial changes, hand and body gestures
question
Clinical Depression
answer
depressed mood that is accompanied by several other symptoms change in appetite, fatigue, changes in sleeping pattern
question
Mania
answer
disturbance in mood, where people feel extremely euphoric
question
Mood Disorders
answer
Defined by episodes
question
Episodes
answer
Discrete period of time in which the person's behavior is dominated by either a depressed or manic mood
question
Major Depressive Disorder
answer
Persistent sadness or low mood that interferes with daily processes and could affect a person's interest in activities that they usually enjoy
question
Bipolar Disorder
answer
episodes of depression or mania
question
Beck's Depressive Triad
answer
Focus on the negative side of self, environment and the future
question
Psychomotor retardation
answer
visible slowing of physical activity such as walking and talking
question
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
answer
Chronic state of depression that lasts 2 years or more May have double depression (was later diagnosed with MDD)
question
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
answer
More severe form of premenstrual syndrome
question
Bipolar 1
answer
must have atleast one manic episode which lasts a week
question
Bipolar 2
answer
experienced one depressive episode and one hypomanic episode, but no full blown mania
question
Hypomania
answer
4 days long and not as severe as mania. does not cause any type of harm or impairment and does not require hospitalization
question
Cyclothymia
answer
several cycles or fluctuations of depression and hypomania for atleast 2 years
question
Melancholia
answer
severe type of depression wakes early, loss of appetite and pleasure. responds well to biological treatment
question
Remission
answer
Period of recovery
question
Relapse
answer
Return of symptoms after a person has recovered from previous episode
question
Incidence and Prevalence
answer
Most frequent among young and middle aged adults people from after WW11 is more likely to develop mood disoreder
question
Gender difference in bipolarity
answer
Is not present
question
Gender difference in depression
answer
Women are 2/3 times more likely to develop depression
question
Cultural differences
answer
Some cultures have different ways of showing symptoms of a disorder. Vocal and social difference makes it hard to investigate
question
Manic episode can be induced by
answer
positive event and achievement, aversive patterns of emotional expression & communication within the family (hostility & criticism)
question
Hopelessness theory
answer
causal attributions of bad events to internal, stable and global causes and perception of lack of control
question
Interpersonal Theory
answer
Depressed people behavior can affect their social surrounding and can cause greater effect
question
Rapid cYCLING
answer
Is characterized by at least 4 cycles of mania, hypomania and depression in a year.
question
Maladaptive schemas
answer
The way the depressives perceive the world
question
Neuroendocrine systems affect on mental health
answer
If the HPA is dysfunctional, it may affect the maintenence and development of depression
question
Learned Helplessness
answer
by Martin Seligmen animals/people feel helpless in stressful situations
question
Albert Bandra
answer
Learning through imitation (modelling)
question
Medulla
answer
Regulates the heart rate, blood pressure. The vital involuntary actions
question
Pons
answer
Sleep and arousal
question
Reticular Formation
answer
Sleep arousal attention
question
Cerebellum
answer
Motor coordination
question
Cerebrum
answer
voluntary activity
question
Thalamus
answer
sensory relay system
question
Hypothalamus
answer
Regulates glands, NS
question
Limbic system
answer
Emotion and learning Includes thalamus and hypothalamus
question
Id
answer
The pleasure seeker Sex, Hunger, Thirst
question
Ego
answer
More conscious about unconscious motivation and the real world
question
Superego
answer
societal standards of behavior
question
Aversion Therapy
answer
Using unpleasant stimulus with the bad habit to stop the bad habit High relapse rate
question
Contingency Method
answer
Rewards associated with the behavior
question
Experimental Method
answer
Used to determine causality Manipulate independent variable and measure effects of dependent variable
question
Social Skills Training
answer
Teach new ways of behaving that are desirable and likely to be rewarded
question
Assertiveness Training
answer
Teaches people to be direct about their feelings and wishes
question
Social Problem Solving
answer
Step by step approach to dealing with social problems
question
Attribution Retraining
answer
Encourages clients to be more scientific & less intuitive in their attributions about causes (Like CBT)
question
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
answer
Depression is caused by error in thinking Challenging cognitive errors by having clients analyze their thoughts more carefully (CBT)
question
Internal Validity
answer
whether the experiment accurately links the changes in independent variable to the independent variable.
question
External Validity
answer
Whether the experiment could be generalized to the whole population.
question
Rational Emotional Therapy
answer
Changes the cognitive distortions during therapy instead of during client's free time
question
Spontaneous remission
answer
Recovery without any type of support
question
Dialectic Behavior Therapy
answer
Usually for people with Borderline Personality Disorder Focuses on meditation, awareness of thoughts, Mindfullness
question
Interrater Reliability
answer
The agreement between clinicians who were provided with the same information
question
Split-Half Test
answer
Measures a test internal consistency
question
Concurrent Validity
answer
Concerns with the correlation of current disorder and symptoms of other disorder
question
Etiological Validity
answer
Concerned with the cause of the onset of the disorder
question
Construct Validity
answer
How well a tool or measure is measuring the construct that it was meant to measure
question
Predictive Validity
answer
Concerned with the stability of the disorder over time
question
Reliable Change Index
answer
A statistic that we can use to work out whether a change in a person's score (before & after some intervention) is statistically significant or not (based on how reliable the measure is)
