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diagnose disorder: at an early age, dwight became preoccupied with geography and could name all of the world capitals. his speech development was not delayed but he doesn't like to play w other children or to be touched or held

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ASD requiring support

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diagnose disorder: 6-yr-old karen has a low IQ and enjoys sitting in the corner by herself, where she arranged her toys or spends around in circles. she's unable to communicate verbally. she throws temper tantrums when her routine is changed even the slightest way or when her parents try to get her to do something she doesn't wanna do

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ASD requiring very substantial support

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diagnose disorder: 6-yr-old megan experiences many problems in communication and doesn't seem to understand the "rules" when speaking w other children

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social (pragmatic) communication disorder

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diagnose disorder: 5-yr-old alicia has increasingly severe intellectual disability and is beginning to have trouble walking on her own. one of the characteristics of her disorder is constant hand-wringing

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rett disorder

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biological treatment for ASD

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nothing proven to cure asd. psychotic drugs help reduce symptoms of asd

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this is a neurodevelopment disorder that at its core, affects how one perceives and socializes with others

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autism spectrum disorder asd

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this is a genetic disorder that affects mostly females,

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rhett disorder

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rhett disorder: diagnosed as ASD with the qualifier

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"associated with rhett syndrome" "associated w MeCP2 mutation"

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this is the gene involved w rett syndrome

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MeCP2 mutation"

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individuals w this disorder don't easily learn social rules when communication with others (e.g. interrupting, talking too loud)

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asd

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3 major characteristics of ASD in DSM5

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impairment in social communication and social interaction' restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities; impairments are present in early childhood and they limit daily functioning

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ASD: 3 levels of severity

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1 requiring support, 2 req substantial support 3 req very sub support

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ASD social relationships

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they fail to develop age appropriate social relations

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ASD: difficulties w social communication and social interaction are further defined by 3 aspects

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problems w social reciprocity, nonverbal communication and initiating and maintaining social relationships -- all of 3 must be present to be diagnosed w asd

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social reciprocity for individuals w more seer symptoms of ASD involves the inability to engage in

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joint attention

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people w less severe forms on ASD may lack appropriate facial expressions/tone of voice, also known as

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prosody

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aspect of this is a lack of spontaneous pretend play or social imitative play appropriate to the child's developmental level

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ASD communication deficit

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one of ASD characteristics is repetitive, restricted patterns of behaviour, interests or activities -- which can be divided into 2 distinct dimensions

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maintenance of sameness and stereotyped and ritualistic behaviours

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this is the intense preference for the status quo

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maintenance of sameness

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this was once thought to be a rare disorder

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asd

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ASD gender differences

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4.4 to 1 male to female

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ASD: young children w ASD who score lower on IQ tests are

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more likely to be severely delayed in acquiring communication skills and need a great deal of educational and social support

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ASD cause

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not a single cause.

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ASD cause: genetic influences

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highly complex genetics with a moderate genetic heritability. association between ASD and oxytocin. increased risk in child of parents who had kids later (older) - mutations in parents dad's spam and egg of mom influence ASD development

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this is responsible for how we bond w others and social memory

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oxytocin

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ASD cause: neurobiological influences

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same size of amygdala, but ppl w ASD have fewer neurons in it. younger children w ASD however have enlarged amygdala's early in life causing excessive anxiety and fear/ with continued stress the release of cortisol, damages the amygdala causing the absence of neurons in adulthood

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this is involved in emotions, anxiety and fear -- brain structure

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amygdala

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this is important social neurochemical that influences bonding and is found to increase trust and reduce fear

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oxytocin

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children w ASD have BLANK levels of oxytocin

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lower, but giving them oxytocin improved ability to remember and process information w emotion

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highly controversial theory explaining ASD

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mercury, preservative found in vaccines

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historical causes of ASD

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due to poor parenting. parents who were smart, wealthy, etc.

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this is unusual skills, e.g. counting accurately hundreds of toothpicks that fell on ground

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savant skills

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this is phenomenon of repeating a word or phrase spoken by another person

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echolalia

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ASD treatment behavioural

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great success in behavioural approaches focusing on skill building and behavioural treatment

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ASD treatment psychical

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must be very systematic and dedicated to teaching a specific skill

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this is a teaching strategy that includes arranging the environment so that the child initiates an interest,

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naturalistic teaching strategies, child-directed technique

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this is a form of treatment for children w ASD, that's helping them fully participate in social and academic life of their peers

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inclusion

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ASD treatment biological

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no medical treatment, psychotic drugs reduce symptoms

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what falls on the spectrum of Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism Asperger's syndrome Childhood Disintegrative disorder Pervasive Developmental disorder

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Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Autism Spectrum Disorder 2 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 3. Specific Learning Disorder

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why is Autism Spectrum Disorder controversial

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Treatment eligibility Loss of identity, e.g. "Aspies" (identity and proud of being neuro-atypical)

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Autism Spectrum Disorder First described by Kanner in 1943: as

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"autistic aloneness"

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D: Significant impairment in social interactions & communication. Restricted patterns of behaviour, interest, and activities

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Three Central DSM-V Features of ASD

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Problems in socialization: verbal & non-verbal. Communication problems: severe ASD,50% never acquire useful speech. Restricted patterns of behaviour, interests, & activities (maintenance of sameness):most striking feature.

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according to the DSM-V this D includes the features: Problems in socialization: verbal & non-verbal. Communication problems: severe ASD,50% never acquire useful speech. Restricted patterns of behaviour, interests, & activities (maintenance of sameness):most striking feature.

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ASD

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ASD Prevalence & Features:

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More prevalent in males than females. Symptoms usually develop before 36 months of age.

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ASD Intellectual Functioning Better language skills & higher IQ =

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better lifetime prognosis

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ASD - Intellectual Functioning Mild cases:

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language and intelligence (IQ) is intact

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Severe ASD: Communication Deficits - infants vs 2 years old

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Infants: show communication deficits, little babbling Two years: majority of children with severe ASD no words or phrases

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Severe ASD: identify the Communication Deficits - child echoes what he or she has heard another person say

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Echolalia:

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Severe ASD: identify the Communication Deficits - refer to self as "he", "she", "you" rather than using first person pronouns (e.g., "I" or "me")

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pronoun reversal:

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Severe ASD: identify the Communication Deficits - "moyee" for milk

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Neologisms (made up words):

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ASD: Attachment & Socialization

answer

Differences in attachment detected as early as 3 months. Rarely engage parents in play; do not point to, show, or share objects of play with others. Rarely approach others; but may engage in specific play initiated by others for a period of time. Little symbolic play. No meaningful eye contact - staring rather than contact. Preoccupation/strong attachment to inanimate objects (e.g., keys, light switches) & mechanical objects (vacuums).

question

It was once thought that echolalia was a sign of autism. What is the current belief about echolalia? Echolalia is a symptom of expressive language disorder, which often co-occurs with autism. Echolalia is a sign the child also may have schizophrenia. Echolalia in autistic children is just a sign of delayed language skills, not a symptom of their disorder. Echolalia is frequently associated with mild intellectual disability.

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Echolalia in autistic children is just a sign of delayed language skills, not a symptom of their disorder.

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What is the ratio of boys to girls for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? almost entirely male, with more than ten boys for every girl approximately two boys for every girl approximately equal or 1:1 approximately four boys for every girl

answer

4:1

question

Marcus is unresponsive to most social stimuli. He rarely smiles, talks, or makes eye contact with others. He seems indifferent to everyone, including his parents. He engages in solitary, ritualistic behaviours. He sometimes goes into sudden tantrums or panics. He also insists on the same familiar food each day. What condition does Marcus appear to have? childhood schizophrenia autism impulsivity avoidant disorder

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autism

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Which of the following is a characteristic pattern in autistic children? a lack of interest in people clumsiness and poor coordination hyperactivity impulsivity

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a lack of interest in people

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Four-year-old Susan has just been diagnosed with autism. According to research, what are her chances of ever developing meaningful speech? Answer approximately 10 percent approximately 25 percent approximately 50 percent approximately 75 percent

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50

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What does the restricted pattern of behaviour observed in autistic children usually involve? Answer inappropriate communication patterns lack of recognition of significant others an intense preference for keeping things the same repetitive movements such as spinning in circles

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an intense preference for keeping things the same

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Jean is a 14-year-old autistic girl who seems compelled to run around touching each door every time she comes home. Which characteristic of her autism will cause Jean to have a tantrum if she is prevented from touching each door? Answer maintenance of sameness obsessive-compulsive disorder ritualistic behaviour restricted behaviour patter

answer

ritualistic behaviour

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One view of the social deficits of people with autism is that they lack a theory of mind. Other researchers have argued that problems on theory-of-mind tasks may be due to which of the following? Answer an unwillingness to carry on conversations with others an inability to pretend attention deficits more general difficulties with executive functioning

answer

more general difficulties with executive functioning

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Joseph, a ten year-old -autistic boy likes to walk through the halls of his home touching all the door knobs. One day a visiting relative is standing in front one of one of the doors preventing him from touching the door knob. What will occur? Answer Joseph will ignore the relative and carry on to the next door. Joseph will use echolalia speech to inform the relative that he needs them to move. Joseph will have a tantrum. Joseph will stop and participate in a different actively.

answer

Joseph will have a tantrum.

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What has cross-cultural research indicated about autism? Answer It is more common in wealthy countries. It is predominantly found in Western cultures and countries. It is predominantly found in North America. It is universal across cultures and countries.

answer

universal

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When do most autistic individuals develop symptoms of the disorder? Answer at birth by age one by age three by the teen years

answer

3

question

n terms of the level of support that will be necessary for an autistic child, what factor is used as a predictor to determine the prognosis? Answer severity of initial symptoms rate of symptom progression IQ age of onset

answer

IQ

question

Monty is a three-year-old boy recently diagnosed with autism. He appears completely unresponsive to his parents and shows no indication of any language development. Monty seems uninterested in communication of any kind, and he and has rituals—such as lining up his toys and realigning them every few minutes. If interrupted, he becomes hysterical. Monty's IQ score was extremely low. Why can we expect his prognosis to be poor? Answer primarily because of his ritualistic behaviour and disinterest in his parents primarily because of his early age of onset and lack of language acquisition primarily because of his low IQ and early age of onset primarily because of his lack of language acquisition and low IQ

answer

primarily because of his lack of language acquisition and low IQ

question

What is the relationship between autism and medical conditions such as: German measles, tuberous sclerosis, and difficulties during pregnancy and labour? Answer Most cases of autism are directly caused by some form of early infection or disease. Certain medical conditions, such as those above, result in autism in some cases, but not always. There is no empirical evidence that suggests a relationship exist between autism and any known medical disorder. Certain medical conditions are known to interact with a particular parenting style to produce autism in a vulnerable child.

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Certain medical conditions, such as those above, result in autism in some cases, but not always.

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The risk of having an autistic child is approximately 0.0002 to 0.0005 percent for the general population. For parents who already have an autistic child what is their risk of having another autistic child? Answer about 1 percent 3 percent to 5 percent 5 percent to 10 percent 10 percent to 15 percent

answer

5-10

question

What does research regarding the behaviour of the parents of autistic children suggest? Answer that autism is the result of cold and aloof parenting that autism is not the result of parenting behaviours that autism is the result of a complex interaction of genetics and parenting style that autism is the result of overindulgent parenting style

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that autism is not the result of parenting behaviours

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What convincing evidence is there that autism involves some form of brain damage? Answer Most autistic children suffered some form of brain trauma at birth. Autism runs in families. Seventy-five percent of individuals with autism have severe cognitive deficits. Autism develops fairly quickly and at a young age.

answer

Seventy-five percent of individuals with autism have severe cognitive deficits.`

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According to the brain scans of autistic individuals, which area of the brain may be involved with the disorder? Answer brain stem hypothalamus reticular formation cerebellum

answer

c

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In the early days of therapy for autisms, the psychodynamic approach focused on encouraging ego support because they believed one of the primary causes was which of the following? Answer Physical abnormalities Improper parenting Bullying by siblings Poor or negative bonding

answer

improper

question

It was once believed that the unusual speech patterns of some autistic individuals were due to a characteristic lack of self-awareness. Later research showed that a lack of self-concept in some autistic individuals is probably due to which of the following? Answer dysfunctional patterns of communication with the parents being treated by others as a baby because of the autism cognitive disabilities or delays instead of autism itself an abnormally small cerebellum

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cognitive disabilities or delays instead of autism itself

question

Modern treatment programs for autism generally involve all of the following EXCEPT which one? Answer eliminating social problems encountered by autistic individuals behavioural treatment of problem behaviours improving communication skills improving daily living skills

answer

eliminating social problems encountered by autistic individuals

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Treatment for autism is most similar to the treatment for which of the following? Answer learning disorders attention deficit hyperactivity disorder intellectual disability personality disorders

answer

intellectual

question

Some success has been noted in the development of communication skills in autistic children through the use of which of the following? Answer modelling appropriate communication styles intensive therapy where the patient is placed in many social situations stimulant medications behavioural procedures involving shaping and discrimination training

answer

behavioural procedures involving shaping and discrimination training

question

What have the results of behavioural treatment targeting the socialization deficits of individuals with autism shown? Answer some improvement in the quality of socialization but little improvement in the quantity of social contacts some improvement in quantity of socialization but little improvement in the quality of social contacts no improvement substantial improvement in both the quantity and quality of social contacts

answer

some improvement in quantity of socialization but little improvement in the quality of social contacts

question

Jane is a 14-year-old autistic girl currently participating in a behavioural social-skills training program for autistic adolescents. What is Jane's most likely outcome? Answer some increase in the quality of her social skills, although little increase in the quantity of socialization no progress at all relatively normal socialization for her age some increase in the quantity of socialization in which she participates but little improvement in the quality of socialization

answer

some increase in the quantity of socialization in which she participates but little improvement in the quality of socialization

question

Based on the research of Lovaas (1987), improvements in the intellectual and educational functioning of autistic children have been documented for which type of intervention programs? Answer those that use a group therapy model those that are school based those that provide multiple therapists those that meet one-on-one for 40 hours per week

answer

those that meet one-on-one for 40 hours per week

question

Research by Lovaas (1987) suggests that an important element of intervention efforts with autistic children is inclusion, such as helping children fully participate in the social and academic life of their peers. What does your textbook also note about inclusion? Answer It is especially important during adolescence. It is not part of most models of early intervention. It is helpful primarily for those with less severe forms of the disorder. It applies not only to school but also to all aspects of life.

answer

It applies not only to school but also to all aspects of life.

question

According to research by Lovaas (1987), when do autistic children show the greatest intellectual and educational improvement? Answer when they are treated in group behavioural therapy when they are placed in special education classrooms when they are placed in regular classrooms when they are treated with medication

answer

when they are placed in regular classrooms

question

Some autistic children do not respond to the speech training technique known as shaping and discrimination training. What can those offering treatment do for these children? Answer They can use children music videos, that have simple repetitive lyrics They can use imitation techniques. They can place them in settings with other autistic children without speech, so these children can develop their own methods of communication. They can use sign language or devices with vocal output.

answer

They can use sign language or devices with vocal output.

question

Beth and Tim have recently discovered that their three-year-old daughter is autistic. Beth and Tim are both nutrition fanatics and are convinced that they can cure their daughter with vitamins and diet. What would you tell Beth and Tim? Answer Vitamins and diet are currently being investigated as a promising treatment for autism, but the results are too preliminary to draw any conclusions. Vitamins and diet have been shown to be effective, but the gains are not sufficient to be considered a cure. Vitamins and diet do not appear to be an effective treatment for autism. Vitamins and diet may improve their daughter's symptoms, but it is necessary to consult a professional to determine exactly which dietary deficiencies may be involved.

answer

Vitamins and diet do not appear to be an effective treatment for autism.

question

Generally speaking, what should the treatment for an autistic child involve? Answer behavioural therapy, home schooling, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible cognitive therapy, school-based education, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible behavioural therapy, school-based education, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible behavioural therapy and a focus on provisions for long-term custodial care

answer

behavioural therapy, school-based education, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible

question

What is the goal of most modern therapy for autistic children? Answer to immerse autistic children in intensive therapy for as long as possible before attempting to introduce them into the larger world to have the child and family accept the inherent limitations of the disorder to provide a separate, but safe and secure, environment for the individual to integrate the autistic child into regular society as much as possible

answer

to integrate the autistic child into regular society as much as possible

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