ABA Study Guide – Flashcards
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also known as VB, is a method of teaching language that focuses on the idea that a meaning of a word is found in their functions. The term was coined by B.F. Skinner. To teach a child with language delays a meaning of a word, one must first teach its function.
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Verbal Behavior
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Who used analysis of Verbal Behavior or VB that's in conjunction with ABA to assess and facilitate the development of language skills?
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B.F Skinner
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What is still Applied Behavior Analysis but its emphasis is the functional analysis of language rather than behavior in general?
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VB or Verbal Behavior
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Echoics Mands Tacts Intraverbals.
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Skinner states the basic verbal parts of language include:
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Repeating what is heard or imitating what someone else has said
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Echoics
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Asking for reinforcers that you want or requesting or demanding
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Mands
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Naming or identifying objects, actions, events, etc.
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Tacts
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exchange of words between two individuals in which the exchanged words do not match conversation
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Intraverbals
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Skinner, 1957 is reading, without any implications that the reader understands what is being read.
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Textual behavior
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consists of writing and spelling words that are spoken Skinner, 1957
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Transcription
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occurs in steps three - six and prevents the child from just learning how to only expressively label something or how to only identify something among pictures and places as occurs often in ABA.
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Generalization
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Verbal is a great approach that can be combined with other teaching methods such as Discrete Trial Training D.T.T. or Natural Environment Training NET.
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Verbal is a great approach that can be combined with other teaching methods such as Discrete Trial Training D.T.T or Natural Environment Training N.E.T?
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Verbal Behavior can be combined with what other treatment methods?
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Discrete Trial Training D.T.T or Natural Environment Training N.E.T.
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1. MAND 2. TACT 3. ECHOIC 4. INTRAVERBAL 5. RECEPTIVE 6. RFFC Receptive labeling by Feature, Function, and Class
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Item is considered Mastered when child knows the following
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Skinner also referred to this behavior as taking dictation, with the key repertoires involving not only the manual production of letters, but also accurate spelling of the spoken word
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Transcription is also refered to as what?
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seeks to understand why a person is engaging in a behavior targeted for change by identifying and modifying the environmental variables that motivate, trigger and maintain behavior.
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ABA also does what?
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A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.
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Learning
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Founder of Classical Conditioning.
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Ivan Pavlov
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Behaviors are learned by association and experiences. A form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus.
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Classical Conditioning
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Process by which responses are weakened and eventually eliminated. Occurs when the response is repeatedly performed but is no longer reinforced
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Extinction
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The spontaneous return of a behavior following extinction.
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Spontaneous Recovery
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1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning 3.Cognitive learning
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The 3 major types of learning:
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a.Conditioned Emotional response C.E.R b.Phobias c.Positive emotions d.Drug Cravings e.Conditioned Taste aversions
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Classical Conditioning is used in what conditions?
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a.introduces a aversive stimulus b.weakens a behavior
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Punishment does what two things?
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a.removes an aversive stimulus b.strengthens a behavior
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Negative Reinforcement does what two things?
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The process of relearning a conditioned response after extinction.
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Reconditioning
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Tendency of stimuli similar to the Conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response.
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Stimulus Generalization
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The ability to differentiate among related stimuli.
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Stimulus Discrimination
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Learning through consequences. The patterns of rewards, punishment & other consequences encourage or discourage the behaviors they follow.
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Operant Conditioning
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Founder of Operant Conditioning.
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B.F. Skinner
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States that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.
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Thorndike's Law of Effect
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A cue that signals reinforcement is available if a particular response is made.
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Discriminative Stimulus, SD, or S delta
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Application of the method of successive approximations.
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Shaping
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Process by which responses are weakened and eventually eliminated. Occurs when the response is repeatedly performed but is no longer reinforced
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Extinction
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An escape of aversive stimulus by performing an operant response.
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Escape Learning
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An avoidance of aversive stimulus by performing an operant response.
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Avoidance Learning
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Process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs.
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Insight Learning
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Learning that occurs without reinforcement. Learned behavior displayed only when reinforced.
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Hidden Learning
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Acquire new behaviors by imitating behaviors observed in others.
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Observational Learning
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The Bobo Doll experiment 1. Modeling 2. Role Playing 3. Social Reinforcement 4. Transfer Training
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Albert Bandura and the 4 steps of Structured Learning Therapy
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Consequence that weakens or suppresses a response. Removal of a reinforcing stimulus. Introduction of an aversive stimulus.
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Punishment
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unwanted behavior is immediately followed by the presentation of an aversive consequence which results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior that immediately preceded.
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Punishment also is
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1 Primary Reinforcer 2 Secondary Reinforcer or Conditioned reinforcer 3 Extrisic Reinforcer 4 Intrinsic Reinforcer 5 Automatic Reinforcer 6 Social Reinforcer 7 Generalized Reinforcer 8 Back up Reinforcer 9 Edibles 10 Contrived Reinforcer 11 Negative Reinforcer 12 Tangible 13 Intangible
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What are the types of Reinforcers?
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1 Self stimulation 2 Self injurious behavior 3 Self biting 4 Eye poking 5 Prolonged rocking 6 Hand flapping
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automatic reinforcers
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Behavior puts an end to an already existing aversive situation
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Escape
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Behaving a certain way to avoid the aversive event before it occurs.
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Avoidance
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1. Eye Contact 2. Keep appropriate social distance 3. hand shaking
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3 Social Skills Training Behaviors
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What are the 4 steps of Structured Learning Theory?
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1. Modeling 2. Role Playing 3. Social reinforcement 4. transfer training
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1. Tact 2. Mand 3. Intraverbal 4. Echoic
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Skinners 4 basic verbal parts of language is:
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1. Behaviorism: theoretical and philosophical issues 2. Experimental analysis of behavior: basic research 3. Applied Behavioral Analysis : applied research 4. Professional Practice: providing behavior analytic service to consumers
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4 domains of ABA
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1 Eye Contact 2 keep appropriate social distance 3 hand shaking
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Social Skills Training include Behaviors:
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1 Modeling 2 Role Playing 3 Social Reinforcement 4 Transfer Training
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4 Steps of Structured Learning Theory
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Refers to a more science-based approach that involves keeping most factors or variables unchanged (or constant) while intentionally changing other factors (As and Cs) that might influence the target behavior (B).
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Functional Analysis
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Set goals to guide the interventions and to evaluate how well the interventions are working.
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Behavioral Goals
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Is a count of the frequency of the number of occurrences of the target behavior within a set period of time.
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Event Sampling
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Has to do with whether or not a behavior is present or absent at certain points in time and is useful with behaviors that are not so discrete and are more continuous or difficult to count.
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Time Sampling
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The length of time of the behavior once a behavior or a pattern or sequence of behavior gets started.
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Duration
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Refers to the length of time between the antecedent and the behavior.
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Latency
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Is a frequency recording method that helps determine when the target behavior happens most and happens least.
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Scatter Plot
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This is a principle of operant conditioning originally identified by David Premack in 1965. According to this principle, some behavior that happens reliably (or without interference by a researcher), can be used as a reinforcer for a behavior that occurs less reliably.
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Premack Principle
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Is essentially using a combination of positive reinforcement and extinction: positive reinforcement to strengthen the behavior in the intended direction, while extinguishing behavior in the unwanted or no longer wanted direction.
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Shaping
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We don't always perform behaviors the same way each and every time.
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Behavioral Drift
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Involves taking two or more relatively simple behaviors and combining the like links into a more complex chain of behaviors.
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Chaining
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Is where one starts with the final link and build additional steps in front of each newly acquired behavioral step.
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Backward Chaining, Reverse Chaining
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Once a behavior is established through the use of reinforcers ad discriminative stimuli such as direct artificial prompts or cues, there's SDs can be faded, or gradually removed from the situation, leaving more naturally occurring SDs to prompt the behavior.
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Fading
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Has to do with the spread of the effects of stimuli and behaviors from specific instances to broader or more general situations.
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Generalization
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A behavior of ours that recognizes or acknowledges the existence of something or somebody.
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Attention
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Is giving a reprimand that is not heard or noticed by others.
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Soft Reprimands
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Refers to reinforcing a behavior in some situations, but not in other situations.
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Differential Reinforcement
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Can be drawn up which is a list of reinforcers that the child can choose from. Each item should have a designated price. The price is the number of tokens the item costs. Reinforcement menus are usually constructed to go along with token programs.
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DRO Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors
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A differential reinforcement where the child performs a behavior that is incompatible with the target behavior, a behavior that can not be performed at the same time.
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DRI Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior
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The payoff is for a limited time only.
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Limited Hold
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Is a way to speed up slow behaviors. The target behavior must be repeated several times within a relatively short time period to receive reinforcement.
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DRH (Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Behavior)
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Is simply a written (usually) statement of what the student is expected to do and what the consequences will be.
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Contingency Contract (Behavioral Contract)
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Can be drawn up which is a list of reinforcers that the child can choose from. Each item should have a designated price. The price is the number of tokens the item costs. Reinforcement menus are usually constructed to go along with token programs.
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Reinforcement Menu
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Is the area in which the reinforcement takes place.
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Reinforcement Area
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Refers to certain structured intense teaching strategies that are sometimes used to teach very specific behaviors.
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Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
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An aversive procedure but without as many drawbacks as punishment. A fine is an example of response cost.
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Response Cost
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A short for time out from reinforcement
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Time Out
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Usually involves the gradual tightening of the demands placed on the child in order to continue receiving reinforcement. It is mostly used with children who have a tendency to tantrum to escape or avoid the situation when certain demands are placed on them.
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Demand Fading
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Correcting a behavior
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Correction
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Means correcting and then some.
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Over Correction
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A type of overcorrection in which the child essentially rehearses doing something properly over and over again.
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Positive Practice
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Involves performing the target behavior over and over, without reinforcement, as a way of decreasing the maladaptive behavior
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Negative Practice
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Refers to a situation in which the same behavior is repeated over and over in a relatively short period of time.
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Massed Practice
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Is an approach to learning in which you don't put all your eggs in one basket, as you might with massed practice, but spread you practice out in smaller doses over a longer period of tie.
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Distributed Practice
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Is an empirically validated, function-based approach to eliminate challenging behaviors and replace them with prosocial skills
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Positive Behavior Support PBS
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Is a term that describes any of several approaches used to teach people how to appropriately interact with other people.
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Social Skills Training
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We keep coming back over several topics, going into greater or additional detail each time, sort of like desensitization, and involving distributed learning.
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Spiral Learning
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Refers to continuing to practice something even after the criteria for learning it has been met.
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Overlearning
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Is a systematic behavioral assessment tool designed to help identify skill deficits in language and other important areas (several verbal behaviors, self-help skills, pre-academic skills) that children usually learn from daily experiences.
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ABLLS Assessment of Basic Language & Learning Skills
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Is a program designed to teach beginning communication skills to people with serious communication disorders. Pictures are used to represent common objects, and symbols are often used for other common words.
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PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System)
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Refers to teaching alternate ways of communicating so that individuals with severe language deficits can express themselves more successfully.
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Functional Communication Training (FCT)
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Help readers to learn better what they have read. They are often written in a fill-in-the-blank format with prompted answers provided nearby for quick self-monitoring and self-correction.
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Programmed Text
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Daily measurements of correct and incorrect responses Using standard charts to record and display these daily behavioral rates Using this objective data to make data-based decisions about how best to teach the students
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Precision Teaching
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Has to do with arranging things in a learning program to maximize success, like shaping, going from the known to the closely related unknown.
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Errorless Learning
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Watch videos of others demonstrating various social behaviors has been found to work well with many ASD children.
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Video Modeling
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1 Excuses from chores 2 Escape from a crowd 3 Stops Pain
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Give 3 Examples of a negative reinforcement
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1 Praise 2 Edibles 3 Money
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Give 3 Examples of positive reinforcement
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a. Tangible b. Favorite Activities c. Attention d Social Reinforcers
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Give 4 forms of Reinforcement
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1 Target behavior 2 Functional assessment 3 Data collection 4 Intervention strategies 5 Preventive measures 6 Replacement behavior training
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List the 6 components of PBS or Positive Behavior Support
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1 Verbal Reprimand 2 Redirection 3 Planned ignoring 4 Response interruption 5 Non exclusionary time-out NETO 6 Exclusionary time-out ETO
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6 Intervention Procedures
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Applied Behavior Analysis
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ABA
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American with Disabilities Act
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ADA
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Asperger's syndrome
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AS
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Autism Society of America
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ASA
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Childhood Autism Rating Scale
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CARS
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder or Heller's Syndrome
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CDD
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Developmental Disability
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DD
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition Text Revision
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DSM IV TR
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Functional Assessment or Functional Analysis
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FA
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Mental Retardation
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MR
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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OCD
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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ODD
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Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapist
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OT
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Positive Behavior Support
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PBS
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Pervasive Developmental Disorder
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PDD
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Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
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PDD NOS
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Picture Exchange Communication System
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PECS
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Physical Therapy, Physical Therapist
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PT
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Sensory Integration
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SI
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Self Injurious Behavior
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SIB
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Speech Language Pathologist
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SLP
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Non exclusionary time out
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NETO
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Exclusionary time out
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ETO
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1. Autism 2. Asperger Syndrome 3. Pervasive Developmental disorder Not Otherwise Specified 4. Rhett's Syndrome 5 Childhood Disintigrative Disorder
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Five areas of ASD
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Autism is
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a. a development disability b. Neurophysiological c. Life long disability d. varies in intensity e. Behavior defined
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Autism is not
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a. a behavior disorder b. Curable c. Mental illness d Diagnosable through any medical procedure
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Hearing = Auditory Vision = Visual Touch = Tactile Smell= Olfactory Taste = Gustatory
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The Five Senses
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has suggested that precision measurement might be a better term to use since the emphasis is on the accurate measurement of the effects of teaching rather than a specific teaching method.
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Dr. Julie Vargas
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Skinner's daughter, who is a professor of behaviorology in the Department of Educational Psychology and Foundations at West Virginia University
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Dr. Julie Vargas
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If there isn't learning, then there wasn't teaching.
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Dr. Julie Vargas
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May include a functional analysis, but also other types of information gathering such as reviewing existing records and interviewing adults who know the child well.
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Functional Behavioral Assessment FBA
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The goal is still to achieve an understanding of the relationship between the child's behavior and various factors that may influence the behavior.
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Functional Behavioral Assessment FBA
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Four major characteristics of Autism
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1 impairments in Social Interaction 2 impairments in Verbal and nonverbal communication 3 impairments in Sensory Processing 4 Unusual Repetitive rituals and activities interests
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