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This would NOT be one of the text's criteria for abnormal behavior.

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distinctiveness

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If all DSM-IV disorders are combined, about 26.6 percent of Americans experienced a defined disorder in the past months.

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12

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Dr. Harriett is conducting an intensive study of one of her patients who presents with an uncommon form of OCD. She is charting the changes in symptoms that occur during therapy and will publish a paper on this patient's outcome. Dr. Harriett's study of her patient's behavior would be considered .

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a case study

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Which of the following is a limitaion using the case study method?

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The case study findings cannot be generalized to others

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John's behavior provides an excellent example of Antisocial Personality Disorder. As such, Dr. Marek has spent several years intensively studying John, his symptoms, and the changes in his symptoms that occurred during therapy. However, Dr. Marek cannot assume that what is true for John will also be true for others, because

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case studies should not be generalized to populations

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A useful attribute of a case study would be that

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it illustrates different forms of abnormal behavior

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Even if the findings for a given case study are accurate, they

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still cannot be generalized to anyone other than the person being studied

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Dr. Smith is conducting a study of the prevalence of depression in the Midwest. This would be an example of

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epidemiological research

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The frequency of behaviors among different groups is calculated in .

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epidemiological research

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A framework with which to view a phenomenon, the vocabulary to use in discussing the subject, and a "recipe" for how to conduct research on the topic is known as _______.

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a paradigm

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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this was thought to be a serious cause of insanity by the medical community.

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masturbation

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This individual is known as the founder of American psychiatry.

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Benjamin Rush

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Benjamin Rush advocated all of the following as effective treatments of abnormal behavior EXCEPT:

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laying on of hands

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The discovery of the cause of general paresis was an important achievement of medical science because

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It provided strong impetus to the development of organic theories of abnormal behavior.

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characterized by delusions of grandeur, dementia, and progressive paralysis, caused by a sexually transmitted spirochete.

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General paresis

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Before penicillin, this was a treatment for general paresis that involved infecting the patient with the disease to cause a high fever.

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Malarial fever

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This view is based upon mental events such as beliefs, emotions, and ideas are the source of abnormal behaviors.

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psychological

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_________ is a condition that includes emotional arousal and physical symptoms which seem to have no organic basis.

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Hysteria

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This individual purported that all human behavior was under the influence of the stars and that this influence was accomplished through a constant flow of a magnetic fluid which fills the universe was

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Anton Mesmer

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demons physical psychological

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3 meta themes abnormal behavior

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it is an in-depth study of an individual person, provided a rich source of ideas about the nature and causation of abnormal behavior. Cannot be used to "prove" a theory. Findings cannot be generalized to anyone other than the person being studied.

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case study

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large, nation wise case study. Study of the incidence or prevalence of a disorder in a population- referred to as normative research. Data collected through this research method can provide important information about public health trends and risks across different elements of population.

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Epidemiological Research

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measure is valid if it measures what it purports to measure. Constructs hypothetical or theoretical concepts that cannot be measured directly (aggression, anxiety, intelligence). A measure can be reliable, and yet not valid.

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Validity of Measurement

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extent to which a measure consistently yields the same results on repeated trials. Psychological measurement is never as precise as physical measurement (only measures: a small part of the domain of how a person acts, or thinks, or feels)

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Reliability of Measurement

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participant selection is by chance from larger population. Sample determines to what group(s) of people a given finding can be generalized or applied

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Random sampling

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investigator investigates the association between two or m ore measures. Can tell researchers something about strength and direction of a relationship b/w variables, but correlation does not demonstrate causation. There can be an unknown number of other variables that might contribute to any observed relationship

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Correlational Research

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a statistical measure of the direction and the strength of the relationship b/w two variables.

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Correlational coefficient

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research method in which conditions are manipulated in order to test the effects of the manipulations on various measures

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Experimental Research

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group on which the manipulation of interest is performed

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Experimental group

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group that is treated similarly to the experimental group, except that no manipulation is performed

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Control group

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A difference unlikely to have occurred by chance and therefore reflecting a real effect

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Significant difference

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This effect occurs when an expectation of improvement is sufficient to cause improvement

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Placebo effect

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experimental design in which both participants and researchers do not know whether a participant is in the experimental or control group

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Double-blind design

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experimental methods that do not rely on groups of participants, but rather use repeated measures from individual people

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Single-subject experimental designs

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practice of expelling demons from bodies they possess

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Exorcism

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creation of sizeable holes in the skull

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Trephining

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bodily process (medical model)

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Physical

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thoughts/feelings (understanding hysteria/learning and behavior)

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Psychological

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created a classification system that continues to influence psychiatric thinking. Looks for individuals with patterns of symptoms (symptoms complexes), which showed a similar onset, course, and outcome.

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Emil Kraepelin

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created this category based on symptoms which had in common two characteristics: outcome = stabilization at very reduced level of mental and social capacity

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Dementia praecox

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a distinguished French neurologist was largely responsible for making both hysteria and hypnosis respectable objects of scientific investigation. Found out he could put hysterical patients under hypnosis, produce new symptoms at will, and relieve the existing symptoms of at least some patients

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Dr. Charcot

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United States, A New England schoolteacher launched a campaign against the inhumane conditions in asylums. • Instrumental in founding or enlarging more than 30 states institutions for the proper custody and treatment of mental patients.

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Dorothea Dix

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The father of psychiatry in the United States. He developed the state hospital system and also bled to death George Washington. The person most responsible for the early spread of moral treatment in the U.S. was Benjamin Rush

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Benjamin Rush

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In order for a diagnosis to be reliable, different clinicians should come to the same diagnostic conclusion after independently examining the same patient

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Diagnostic reliability

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most common mental disorder were anxiety disorders with a 12-month prevalence of 18.1% of the population, and a lifetime prevalence of 28.8% of the population

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Anxiety

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following anxiety disorders were mood disorders, impulse-control disorders, and substance disorders. All disorders combined about 26.6% of Americans experienced a defined disorder in the past 12 months

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Depression

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a stimulus that is naturally capable of eliciting the unconditioned response

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UCS Unconditioned stimulus

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an originally neutral stimulus that becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

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CS Conditioned Response

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a response that occurs naturally or innately to an unconditioned stimulus

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UCR Unconditioned stimulus

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a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

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CR Conditioned Response

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to prevent anxiety -arousing impulses from entering awareness or being overtly expressed in ways that might evoke retaliation.

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Defense Mechanisms

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primary defense mechanism, unconscious but intentional forgetting of memories associated with anxiety-arousing impulses and conflicts.

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Repression

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people take the additional step of believing and acting as thought they were motivated to do just the opposite of the unacceptable impulse.

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Reaction formation

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refers to a memory or impulse in such a way that is no longer creates anxiety

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Isolation

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a disturbing emotion or conflict is transferred from its original source to some less threatening object or situation

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Displacement

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person disowns some impulse or attitude and projects it onto another person

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Projection

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the source of basic instinctual drives seeking immediate gratification

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Id

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attempts to mediate between the urgings of the id and the demands of external reality (governs processes as perception, learning, and thinking)

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Ego

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Ideals and morals; strives for perfection; observes, dictates, criticizes, and prohibits; imposes limitations on satisfactions; becomes the conscience of the individual

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Superego

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Basic and often the only instrument of assessment because the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5 are based largely on a person's self-report of symptoms. Given to a person when first seen at a clinic or institution. Involves an interaction between the patient or client and the clinician or interviewer, who usually formulates an initial diagnostic impression, supplemented by information from the medical and social history.

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Diagnostic Interview

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makes images produced by the energy of vibrating hydrogen molecules in the brain via a strong magnetic field. Provides a much clearer picture of structure than does a CT scan, although one draw back is that it requires patients to remain motionless in a small confined area for long periods

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MRI

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process in which a consequence strengthens or increases the likelihood that a response will be repeated

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Reinforcement

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a process in which a consequence weakens or decreases the likelihood that a response will be repeated

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Punishment

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this is when a contingent presentation of a pleasant result strengthens subsequent responding

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Positive Reinforcement

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This is when contingent removal of an unpleasant stimulus strengthens subsequent responding

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Negative Reinforcement

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tests in which the person is presented with ambiguous stimulus materials and asked to respond in some way, based on the assumption that persons project characteristics of their own intrapsychic process onto their response

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Projective test

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interview, gathering information, assess experience, abilities and determine interpersonal skills and abilities

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Subjective test

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one that utilizes research to determine results. When you take an pre-employment pencil and paper test, chances are this is an objective measure. The results are given in the form of statistics and probabilities. Some of the most common objective tests include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2), the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and any of the major tests of intelligence

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Objective assessment

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Global assessment of functioning, DSM-5 implied assumption that all mental disorders reflect an underlying biological dysfunction. Has the category then specific examples.

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DSM 5

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