AAMI Intro to Pathology: Unit 5 – Flashcards
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Neoplasm
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Any new, abnormal growth of tissue which serves no useful purpose and may or may not be destructive.
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Tumor
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Literally means swelling
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Neoplasms
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All tumors are not necessarily ______ these words have been used interchangeably.
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Oncology
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study of neoplasms/tumors
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Carcinogen / Oncogen
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An agent classified as a cancer causing agent.
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Carcinogenesis / Oncogenesis
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The process of the formation and development of a cancer.
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Oncologist
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Doctor specializing in the treatment of cancer.
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Histological / Microscopic or Clinical Classification
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Methods of classification for Neoplasms.
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Histological / Microscopic Classification
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Based upon the type of tissue from which the neoplasms develop
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Clinical Classification
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Based upon the behavioral characteristics of the tumor.
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Benign and Malignant
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Two Clinical Classifications:
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Benign Tumor
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Develop by expansive growth
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Benign Tumor
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Do not recur after excision
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Benign Tumor
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Do no metastasize / migrate
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Benign Tumor
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Do not cause excessive destruction of tissue
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Benign Tumor
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Does not cause whole body damage
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Benign Tumor
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Do no kill except when situated as to interfere with the function of vital organs.
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Benign Tumor
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Cells of tumor closely resemble cells of tissue when they develop.
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Malignant Tumor
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develop by infiltrate growth
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Malignant Tumor
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Tend to recur after excision
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Malignant Tumor
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Tend to metastasize / migrate creating secondary foci
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Malignant Tumor
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Cause extensive tissue damage
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Malignant Tumor
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cause total body changes
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Malignant Tumor
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cells of tumor bear little resemblance to tissues from which they develop
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Malignant Tumor
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lethal unless treated.
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epithelial origin and non epithelial origin
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Malignant tumors are divided into two large and important groups:
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Benign
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These tumors end in -oma
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Epithelial origin
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end in -carcinoma
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Non-epithelial origin (muscle and connective)
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end in -sarcoma
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Adenoma
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Tumor derived from glands or glandular tissue. (Benign)
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Papilloma (wart)
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Cauliflower - like projection of the skin or mucous membrane. (Benign)
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Nevus (mole)
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Pigmented tumor of the skin which appears as a slightly raised, small dark spot.
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polyp
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stalk-like growth that projects from an epithelial surface (mucous surface; nasal cavity, intestine)
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Melanoma
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Highly malignant brown or black tumor which may be found in any organ (epithelial)
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma / epithelioma / Epidermoid Carcinoma
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Derived from stratified epithelial tissue, most commonly found on the skin, lungs, lips, mouth, larynx, esophagus, vagina, prostate, anus and cervix. (epithelial)
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Adenocarcinoma
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Derived from glandular tissue found in the uterus, breasts, cervix, alimentary tract and the lungs. (epithelial)
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma
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Found in urinary tract. (epithelial)
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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Malignant tumor of the basal layer of the squamous epithelium (deepest layer). Common skin lesion, slow growing and non aggressive. Increases occurrence with increase in sun exposure.
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Neuroma and Glioma
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Nervous Tissue Tumor
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Neuroma
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Benign tumor derived from nervous tissue.
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Glioma
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Malignant tumor derived from the support cells of the nerves known as neuroglia
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Melanoma, Epithelioma, Lymphoma, Glioma
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Tumors that sound benign but are malignant...
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blood
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Sarcomas spread by way of...
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Lymphatic system
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Carcinomas spread through the...
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Metastisis
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describe the ability of tumors to spread. Either by blood or lymph to set up secondary location.
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Emaciation (post mortem)
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When patients lose a lot of weight because of cancer.
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Cachexia(post mortem)
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Closely related to Emaciation. Refers to a state of general health, malnutrition and wasting away.
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Discoloration(post mortem)
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May require additional treatment to help bleach the areas. i.e. cold compresses soaked with appropriate chemicals; hypodermic injection of bleaching agents into the area. Cosmetics may be required.
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Hemorrhage (post mortem)
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Tumors have probably destroyed and weakened many blood vessels in the areas of the tumors. Increased pressure that accompanies arterial injection can result in additional ruptures leading to problems with fluid distribution.
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Tissue Deformation(post mortem)
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Cancer often results in the destruction and deformation of the surrounding tissues. Excision of tumors may be required, deep wound filling and waxing may be necessary to restore normal surface contour.
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Extravascular obstructions
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Both malignant and benign tumors may put pressure on blood vessels causing them to become partially or totally occluded, resulting in poor fluid distribution. May have to use multiple injection points to ensure proper distribution of embalming fluid.
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Cysts
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sac like structures containing fluid, semi-fluid or solid material. may be small or large.
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Ovarian cysts
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Globular sac filled with fluid or semisolid material that develops in or on the ovary.
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Sebaceous Cysts
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Retention cysts containing cheesy yellow material usually on the face, neck, scalp or trunk.
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Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
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Non Neoplastic changes
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Hypertrophy
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Increase to body part due to increase to the size of the individual cell.
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Hyperplasia
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Increase in the size of a body part due to an increase in the number of cells in that organ. Limited controlled nature.
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Metaplasia
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Replacement of one type of tissue in a major category (i.e. epithelial) by another type of tissue in that same category.
